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Probiotics have emerged as a promising strategy to modulate oral microbiota and host inflammation. This study evaluated the effects of dual probiotic intervention with\n                      <jats:italic>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      Kmiate-6 and\n                      <jats:italic>Pediococcus acidilactici<\/jats:italic>\n                      Kmiate-15 on canine oral health through in vitro and in vivo assays.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both strains exhibited antimicrobial activity against common oral pathogens, with\n                      <jats:italic>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      Kmiate-6 showing stronger inhibition against\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus mitis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , while\n                      <jats:italic>Pediococcus acidilactici<\/jats:italic>\n                      Kmiate-15 demonstrated superior anti-inflammatory effects by reducing tumor necrosis factor-alpha and increasing interleukin-10 production. In vivo, 21-day oral administration of the probiotic combination significantly reduced dental plaque area and plaque index in dogs, along with decreased salivary tumor necrosis factor-alpha and elevated interleukin-10 levels. Microbiota analysis showed that probiotic intervention decreased the abundance of pathogenic genera such as\n                      <jats:italic>Fusobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Porphyromonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and enriched beneficial taxa including\n                      <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Weissella<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Functional predictions based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene data indicated that probiotic treatment enhanced pathways related to detoxification, antioxidation, and propanoate metabolism, while reducing reliance on vitamin biosynthesis pathways typically exploited by pathogens.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Combined oral administration of\n                      <jats:italic>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      Kmiate-6 and\n                      <jats:italic>Pediococcus acidilactici<\/jats:italic>\n                      Kmiate-15 effectively improved canine periodontal health by inhibiting plaque formation, modulating inflammatory responses, and reshaping oral microbial composition and function. These findings support the potential of probiotic-based strategies as safe and effective alternatives for maintaining oral health in dogs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-026-00524-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T04:45:59Z","timestamp":1770439559000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dual probiotic intervention with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Kmiate-6 and Pediococcus acidilactici Kmiate-15 improves periodontal health and oral microbiota balance in dogs"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Wanjin","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saiwei","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiyang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiru","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"524_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00298","volume":"7","author":"KB Enlund","year":"2020","unstructured":"Enlund KB, Brunius C, Hanson J, Hagman R, H\u00f6glund OV, Gust\u00e5s P, et al. 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