{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T10:59:53Z","timestamp":1781261993733,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["anim microbiome"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-026-00547-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T10:20:01Z","timestamp":1781259601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond metagenomics: culturomics uncovers aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacterial diversity in the camel gut"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Raha","family":"Abedini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghasem Hosseini","family":"Salekdeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"547_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17645","volume":"533","author":"HP Browne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Browne HP, et al. Culturing of \u2018unculturable\u2019 human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation. Nature. 2016;533:543\u201346.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"547_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0041-0","volume":"16","author":"J-C Lagier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lagier J-C, et al. Culturing the human microbiota and culturomics. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018;16:540\u201350.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"547_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77054-6","volume":"10","author":"D Porcellato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Porcellato D, Meisal R, Bombelli A, Narvhus JA. A core microbiota dominates a rich microbial diversity in the bovine udder and may indicate presence of dysbiosis. Sci Rep. 2020;10:1\u201314.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"547_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diakite A, et al. Extensive culturomics of 8 healthy samples enhances metagenomics efficiency. 2019;1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223543"},{"key":"547_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-018-1214-9","volume":"11","author":"J Gharechahi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gharechahi J, Salekdeh GH. A metagenomic analysis of the camel rumen\u2019s microbiome identifies the major microbes responsible for lignocellulose degradation and fermentation. Biotechnol Biofuels. 2018;11:1\u201319.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Biofuels"},{"key":"547_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lagier J, et al. The rebirth of culture in microbiology through the example of culturomics to study human gut microbiota. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00014-14"},{"key":"547_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang W-D, et al. Bacterial community analysis on the different mucosal immune inductive sites of gastrointestinal tract in bactrian camels. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0239987.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239987"},{"key":"547_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2014.09.004","volume":"38","author":"J Gharechahi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gharechahi J, Zahiri HS, Noghabi KA, Salekdeh GH. In-depth diversity analysis of the bacterial community resident in the camel rumen. Syst Appl Microbiol. 2015;38:67\u201376.","journal-title":"Syst Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"547_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-52-6-2141","volume":"52","author":"S Duncan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Duncan S, et al. Growth requirements and fermentation products of fusobacterium prausnitzii, and a proposal to reclassify it as faecalibacterium prausnitzii gen. nov., comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2002;52:2141\u201346.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"547_CR10","first-page":"117","volume":"41","author":"AA Dashti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dashti AA, Jadaon MM, Abdulsamad AM, Dashti HM. Heat treatment of bacteria: a simple method of DNA extraction for molecular techniques. Kuwait Med J. 2009;41:117\u201322.","journal-title":"Kuwait Med J"},{"key":"547_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.7.2944-2948.1997","volume":"63","author":"P De Wulf-Durand","year":"1997","unstructured":"De Wulf-Durand P, Bryant LJ, Sly LI. PCR-mediated detection of acidophilic, bioleaching-associated bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1997;63:2944\u201348.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"547_CR12","first-page":"152","volume":"33","author":"E Stackebrandt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stackebrandt E. Taxonomic parameters revisited: tarnished gold standards. Microb Today. 2006;33:152.","journal-title":"Microb Today"},{"key":"547_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","volume":"33","author":"S Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K. MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol. 2016;33:1870\u201374.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"547_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metsalu T, & Vilo J. ClustVis: a web tool for visualizing clustering of multivariate data using Principal Component Analysis and heatmap. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015; 43(W1), W566-W570.","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv468"},{"key":"547_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-015-0611-3","volume":"16","author":"H Heberle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heberle H, Meirelles GV, da Silva FR, Telles GP, Minghim R. InteractiVenn: a web-based tool for the analysis of sets through Venn diagrams. BMC Bioinf. 2015;16:1\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"547_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0485-5","volume":"6","author":"M Bilen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bilen M, et al. The contribution of culturomics to the repertoire of isolated human bacterial and archaeal species. Microbiome. 2018;6:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"547_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07174","volume-title":"Gorilla gorilla gorilla gut: a potential reservoir of pathogenic bacteria as revealed using culturomics and molecular tools","author":"F Bittar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bittar F, et al. Gorilla gorilla gorilla gut: a potential reservoir of pathogenic bacteria as revealed using culturomics and molecular tools. 2014. p. 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep07174."},{"key":"547_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seshadri R, et al. Resource cultivation and sequencing of rumen microbiome members from the Hungate1000 collection. 2018;36.","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4110"},{"key":"547_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petri RM, et al. Characterization of the core rumen microbiome in cattle during transition from forage to concentrate as well as during and after an acidotic challenge. PLoS One. 2013;8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083424"},{"key":"547_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2011.02579.x","volume":"13","author":"AA Samsudin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Samsudin AA, Evans PN, Wright AG, Al Jassim R. Molecular diversity of the foregut bacteria community in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Environ Microbiol. 2011;13:3024\u201335.","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"547_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong F, et al. The microbiome of the buffalo digestive tract. Nat Commun. 2022;13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28402-9"},{"key":"547_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/4441022a","volume":"444","author":"RE Ley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature. 2006;444:1022\u201323.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"547_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03138-14","volume":"81","author":"FS Lima","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lima FS, et al. Prepartum and postpartum rumen fluid microbiomes: characterization and correlation with production traits in dairy cows. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015;81:1327\u201337.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"547_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu Y, Lin X, Wang Z, Hou Q, Wang Y. Production dairy cattle exhibit different rumen and fecal bacterial community and rumen metabolite profile than low-production cattle. Microbiologyopen. 2019;8:e00673.","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.673"},{"key":"547_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Booijink CCGM, Zoetendal EG, Kleerebezem M, De Vos WM. Microbial communities in the human small intestine: coupling diversity to metagenomics. Futur Med. 2007) doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/17460913.2.3.285.","DOI":"10.2217\/17460913.2.3.285"},{"key":"547_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-011-0229-7","volume":"6","author":"J Gerritsen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gerritsen J, Smidt H, Rijkers GT, de Vos WM. Intestinal microbiota in human health and disease: the impact of probiotics. Genes Nutr. 2011;6:209\u201340.","journal-title":"Genes Nutr"},{"key":"547_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.06.011","volume":"33","author":"N Shin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shin N, Whon TW, Bae J. Proteobacteria: microbial signature of dysbiosis in gut microbiota. Trends Biotechnol. 2015;33:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"547_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121148","volume":"261","author":"N Fan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fan N, et al. A two-stage anammox process for the advanced treatment of high- strength ammonium wastewater: microbial community and nitrogen transformation. J. Clean. Prod. 2020;261:121148.","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod"},{"key":"547_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon CD, Young W, Maclean PH, Cookson AL, Bermingham EN. Metagenomic insights into the roles of Proteobacteria in the gastrointestinal microbiomes of healthy dogs and cats. Microbiologyopen. 2018;7:e00677.","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.677"},{"key":"547_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202000678","volume":"61","author":"MA Rather","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rather MA, et al. Microbial biofilm: a matter of grave concern for human health and food industry. J Basic Microbiol. 2021;61:380\u201395.","journal-title":"J Basic Microbiol"},{"key":"547_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129656","volume":"439","author":"A Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang A, Hou Y, Wang Q, Wang Y. Characteristics and polyethylene biodegradation function of a novel cold-adapted bacterial laccase from Antarctic sea ice psychrophile Psychrobacter sp. NJ228. J Hazard Mater. 2022;439:129656.","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"547_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-019-01647-2","volume":"76","author":"P Priyodip","year":"2019","unstructured":"Priyodip P, Balaji S. A preliminary study on probiotic characteristics of Sporosarcina spp. For poultry applications. Curr Microbiol. 2019;76:448\u201361.","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"547_CR33","first-page":"1","volume":"201","author":"CK Lo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lo CK, Sheth PM. Carnobacterium inhibens isolated in blood culture of an immunocompromised, metastatic cancer patient: a case report and literature review. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;201:1\u20135.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"547_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115561","volume":"224","author":"P Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao P, et al. A meta-analysis reveals that geographical factors drive the bacterial community variation in Chinese lakes. Environ Res. 2023;224:115561.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"547_CR35","volume-title":"Characterization of the rumen bacterial communities of bison heifers Fed a grass-based diet vs a grain-based free-choice diet","author":"AF Rueda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rueda AF. Characterization of the rumen bacterial communities of bison heifers Fed a grass-based diet vs a grain-based free-choice diet. South Dakota State University; 2021."},{"key":"547_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-022-01987-y","volume":"298","author":"S Srivastava","year":"2023","unstructured":"Srivastava S, et al. Potential of camel rumen derived Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus velezensis strains for application in plant biomass hydrolysis. Mol Genet Genomics. 2023;298:361\u201374.","journal-title":"Mol Genet Genomics"},{"key":"547_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-020-02010-x","volume":"203","author":"S Srivastava","year":"2021","unstructured":"Srivastava S, et al. Unraveling the camel rumen microbiome through metaculturomics approach for agriculture waste hydrolytic potential. Arch Microbiol. 2021;203:107\u201323.","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"key":"547_CR38","first-page":"64","volume":"7","author":"DM Jwher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jwher DM, Ezzulddin TA. Beneficial microorganisms in animal production and environment. J Appl Vet Sci. 2022;7:64\u201371.","journal-title":"J Appl Vet Sci"},{"key":"547_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-00834-3","volume":"19","author":"H Bahrulolum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bahrulolum H, et al. Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using microorganisms and their application in the agrifood sector. J Nanobiotechnol. 2021;19:1\u201326.","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"547_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01354-4","volume":"10","author":"I Mukhopadhya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mukhopadhya I, et al. Comparison of microbial signatures between paired faecal and rectal biopsy samples from healthy volunteers using next \u2011 generation sequencing and culturomics. Microbiome. 2022;10:1\u201317.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"547_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00648-y","volume":"20","author":"W-S Shu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shu W-S, Huang L-N. Microbial diversity in extreme environments. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2022;20:219\u201335.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"547_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4959","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40657-4","volume":"14","author":"HB Rappaport","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rappaport HB, Oliverio AM. Extreme environments offer an unprecedented opportunity to understand microbial eukaryotic ecology, evolution, and genome biology. Nat Commun. 2023;14:4959.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"547_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-022-02806-z","volume":"204","author":"N Tiwari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tiwari N, Bansal M, Santhiya D, Sharma JG. Insights into microbial diversity on plastisphere by multi-omics. Arch Microbiol. 2022;204:216.","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Animal Microbiome"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42523-026-00547-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s42523-026-00547-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42523-026-00547-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T10:20:16Z","timestamp":1781259616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s42523-026-00547-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["547"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42523-026-00547-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2524-4671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2524-4671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"78"}}