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The genus\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      includes human- and animal-associated species capable of acquiring resistance, yet their diversity and resistance potential in livestock remain far less explored than in humans. In this study, we investigated\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      in cattle feces from 28 Czech farms with contrasting antibiotic use, aiming to assess species composition, resistance profiles, and the potential for resistance dissemination. We applied an integrative approach combining strain isolation and characterization, enrichment cultures, metabarcoding, and shotgun metagenomics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cattle feces harbored diverse\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      species with\n                      <jats:italic>A. indicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>A. pseudolwoffii<\/jats:italic>\n                      being the core species based on both isolated strains and metabarcoding, while\n                      <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      was less common.\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      species occurrence determined by metabarcoding was driven by multiple factors, including production type, herd size, and per-head antibiotic use, while their abundance was mostly influenced by sample type (higher in feces from the farm floor than in rectal samples) and production type (higher in dairy than in beef cattle). Remarkably, 37% of the 284 isolated strains could not be assigned to validly named species and represent at least 19 putative novel species. Decreased susceptibility due to acquired resistance was observed in 57 strains; notably,\n                      <jats:italic>A. indicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>A. pseudolwoffii<\/jats:italic>\n                      from antibiotic-using farms were less susceptible to streptomycin than those from antibiotic-free farms. Shotgun metagenomics revealed a greater richness of acquired resistance genes in antibiotic-using farms, including the clinically relevant carbapenemase gene\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>OXA-58<\/jats:sub>\n                      . This gene was located on putative plasmid contigs alongside streptomycin resistance determinants\n                      <jats:italic>strA<\/jats:italic>\n                      -\n                      <jats:italic>strB<\/jats:italic>\n                      , suggesting horizontal dissemination under streptomycin selection pressure. Strain analysis confirmed the co-localization of\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>OXA-58<\/jats:sub>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>strA<\/jats:italic>\n                      -\n                      <jats:italic>strB<\/jats:italic>\n                      on a large plasmid in\n                      <jats:italic>A. pseudolwoffii<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Despite relatively strict regulations, Czech cattle farms constitute a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      carrying mobile resistance genes of clinical concern. Commonly applied antibiotics likely co-select for such genes, posing an ongoing public health risk. Our findings reveal an unexpectedly high diversity of\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in cattle, highlighting the research bias toward human-associated species and underscoring the need for integrated One Health monitoring approaches.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-026-00568-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T15:50:08Z","timestamp":1776873008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cattle feces are a reservoir of diverse Acinetobacter species with potential to spread antibiotic resistance genes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Anitha","family":"Ravi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Violetta","family":"Shestivska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscila","family":"Thiago Dobbler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Sechovcov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Maixnerov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Semer\u00e1d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alena","family":"Nehasilov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Vadro\u0148ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I\u00f1aki","family":"Odriozola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"\u0160ubrtov\u00e1 Salmonov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"V\u011btrovsk\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0160\u00e1rka","family":"Musilov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Cajthaml","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"P\u011bchou\u010dkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandr","family":"Nemec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Kyselkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"568_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wichmann F, Udikovic-Kolic N, Andrew S, Handelsman J. 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The study involved only the collection of bovine fecal samples, either from the farm floor or by non-invasive rectal sampling performed by a licensed veterinarian using a sterile examination glove. These procedures did not cause pain, suffering, distress, or lasting harm to the animals and fall below the threshold defined in Article 1(5)(f) of Directive 2010\/63\/EU, which excludes such non-harmful practices from the scope of animal experimentation legislation. Therefore, in accordance with Czech and EU regulations, no formal animal experiment approval was required for this study. Sampling was conducted with the consent of the farm owners.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"69"}}