{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T12:16:22Z","timestamp":1788524182289,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":71,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["anim microbiome"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Microbiome constituents can serve as a primary defense against vertebrate pathogens. This may be crucial to the protection of North American bats who have been devastated over the last two decades by the fungal pathogen,\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd)<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which causes white-nose syndrome (WNS). The objectives of this study were to isolate members of the external microbiome of bats post-hibernation in Arizona and New Mexico before the arrival of WNS, to identify those bacteria with bioactivity against\n                      <jats:italic>Pd<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and to determine the variables associated with antifungal strains.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study we isolated 2,936 bacteria from the fur and skin of 314 bats across 12 bat species at 6 sites across New Mexico and Arizona from 2013 to 2016. Selective media were used to promote the isolation of\n                      <jats:italic>Actinomycetota<\/jats:italic>\n                      (2,594 isolates, 88.4%), particularly species of\n                      <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                      (2,045 isolates, 69.7%) known for their bioactivity. Although\n                      <jats:italic>Actinomycetota<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolation was targeted, this collection includes representatives from\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonadota (Alpha-, Beta<\/jats:italic>\n                      -, and\n                      <jats:italic>Gamma-Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                      ),\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillota<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroidota<\/jats:italic>\n                      phyla also common to the bat microbiome. A bi-layer challenge assay performed on 1,089 isolates identified 61 bat-associated bacteria with activity against Pd. These results were pooled with efforts by Hamm et al. [1] to determine what metrics impacted isolation of bacteria that inhibit\n                      <jats:italic>Pd<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200997). Ecoregion and bat species were determinant variables associated with\n                      <jats:italic>Pd<\/jats:italic>\n                      inhibition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study represents, to our best knowledge, the largest culture collection of bacteria from bats\u2019 skin and fur before the impact of WNS. We identified bacteria with antifungal activity against\n                      <jats:italic>Pd<\/jats:italic>\n                      and found significant associations of bioactive strains with bat species and ecoregions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-026-00591-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T13:35:19Z","timestamp":1782394519000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bat skin microbiome and the association of ecoregion and bat species that impacted isolation of members with bioactivity against Pseudogymnoascus destructans"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Paris S.","family":"Salazar-Hamm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda-Jos\u00e9","family":"Romero-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole A.","family":"Caimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin R.","family":"Amses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Marshall Hathaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie C.","family":"Buecher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernest W.","family":"Valdez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay K.","family":"Caesar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Porras-Alfaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana E.","family":"Northup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"591_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamm PS, Caimi NA, Northup DE, Valdez EW, Buecher DC, Dunlap CA, et al. 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All bats were handled with care following approved protocols from the National Park Service (Protocol #IMR-ELMA.PARA-Northup-Bat-2013.A2 and #IMR_ELMA.PARA.CAVE.SEAZ_Northup_Bats_2015.A2), the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Fort Collins Science Center Standard Operating Procedure (SOP#: 2013\u201301), and an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) Permit from the University of New Mexico (Protocol #12-100835-MCC).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"97"}}