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Maintaining continued surveillance of the antifungal susceptibility of environmental <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic> isolates is desirable for better managing cryptococcosis by identifying resistant isolates and revealing the emergence of intrinsically resistant species. Relevant research data from Egypt are scarce. Thus, this study aimed to report the genetic diversity of <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic> species complexes originating from different environmental sources in Egypt, antifungal susceptibility profiles, antifungal combinations, and correlations of susceptibility with genotypes. A total of 400 environmental samples were collected, 220 from birds and 180 from trees. <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> spp. were found in 58 (14.5%) of the samples, 44 (75.9%) of the isolates were recovered from birds and 14 (24.1%) from trees. These isolates were genotyped using M13 polymerase chain reaction-fingerprinting and <jats:italic>URA<\/jats:italic>5 gene restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Of the 31 <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> isolates, 24 (77.4%), 6 (19.4%) and one (4.4%) belonged to VNI, VNII, and VNIII genotypes, respectively. The 27 <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic> isolates belonged to VGI (70.4%), VGII (18.5%), and VGIII (11.1%) genotypes. Non-wild type <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic> isolates that may have acquired resistance to azoles, amphotericin B (AMB), and terbinafine (TRB) were observed. <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic> VGIII was less susceptible to fluconazole (FCZ) and itraconazole (ITZ) than VGI and VGII. <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> isolates showed higher minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to FCZ, ITZ, and voriconazole (VRZ) than those of <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic> VGI and VGII. Significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) correlations were found between the MICs of VRZ and ITZ (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.64) in both <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>neoformans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic> isolates, FCZ and TRB in <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> isolates, and FCZ and TRB (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.52) in <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic> isolates.<\/jats:p><jats:p>There is no significant differences in the MICs of TRB in combination with FCZ (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.064) or in combination with AMB (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.543) and that of TRB alone against <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic> genotypes. By calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index, the combination of FCZ\u2009+\u2009AMB was synergistic against all tested genotypes. These findings expand our knowledge of ecological niches, genetic diversity, and resistance traits of <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic> genotypes in Egypt. Further investigations into how they are related to clinical isolates in the region are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s43008-024-00153-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T18:01:58Z","timestamp":1722016918000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibilities of environmental Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species\u00a0complexes"],"prefix":"10.3897","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Taha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1246-6548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmine H.","family":"Tartor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rana M Abd","family":"Elaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Elsohaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2258","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"153_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(15)60901-X","volume":"5","author":"HH Abulreesh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abulreesh HH, Organji SR, Elbanna K, Osman GEH, Almalki MHK, Abdel-Mallek AY (2015) First report of environmental isolation of\n Cryptococcus neoformans\n and other fungi from pigeon droppings in Makkah, Saudi Arabia and in vitro susceptibility testing. 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