{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T21:52:57Z","timestamp":1793656377806,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Pensoft Publishers","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"GAFFI"},{"name":"JYLAG"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI20CIII\/00043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20CIII\/00043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTQ2020-011340\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTQ2020-011340\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IMA Fungus"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Cryptococcosis remains a severe global health concern, underscoring the urgent need for rapid and reliable diagnostic solutions. Point-of-care tests (POCTs), such as the cryptococcal antigen semi-quantitative (CrAgSQ) lateral flow assay (LFA), offer promise in addressing this challenge. However, their subjective interpretation poses a limitation. Our objectives encompass the development and validation of a digital platform based on Artificial Intelligence (AI), assessing its semi-quantitative LFA interpretation performance, and exploring its potential to quantify CrAg concentrations directly from LFA images.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We tested 53 cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) concentrations spanning from 0 to 5000\u00a0ng\/ml. A total of 318 CrAgSQ LFAs were inoculated and systematically photographed twice, employing two distinct smartphones, resulting in a dataset of 1272 images. We developed an AI algorithm designed for the automated interpretation of CrAgSQ LFAs. Concurrently, we explored the relationship between quantified test line intensities and CrAg concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our algorithm surpasses visual reading in sensitivity, and shows fewer discrepancies (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). The system exhibited capability of predicting CrAg concentrations exclusively based on a photograph of the LFA (Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.85).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This technology's adaptability for various LFAs suggests broader applications. AI-driven interpretations have transformative potential, revolutionizing cryptococcosis diagnosis, offering standardized, reliable, and efficient POCT results.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s43008-024-00158-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T12:02:37Z","timestamp":1725019357000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Artificial intelligence-driven mobile interpretation of a semi-quantitative cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay"],"prefix":"10.3897","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0181-3957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Bermejo-Pel\u00e1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8651-4405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Alastruey-Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6176-0052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narda","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9743-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Capell\u00e1n-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4227-3632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Bonilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8694-2001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Luengo-Oroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Luis","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Tudela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2258","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"158_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/471363","volume":"2013","author":"S Antinori","year":"2013","unstructured":"Antinori S (2013) New insights into HIV\/AIDS-associated cryptococcosis. ISRN AIDS 2013:1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/471363","journal-title":"ISRN AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"158_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9020217","volume":"9","author":"D Bermejo-Pel\u00e1ez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bermejo-Pel\u00e1ez D, Medina N, \u00c1lamo E, Soto-Debran JC, Bonilla O, Luengo-Oroz M, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Alastruey-Izquierdo A (2023) Digital platform for automatic qualitative and quantitative reading of a cryptococcal antigen point-of-care assay leveraging smartphones and artificial intelligence. J Fung 9(2):217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof9020217","journal-title":"J Fung"},{"issue":"10","key":"158_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myab038","volume":"59","author":"NP Blasich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blasich NP, Wake RM, Rukasha I, Prince Y, Govender NP (2021) Association of semi-quantitative cryptococcal antigen results in plasma with subclinical cryptococcal meningitis and mortality among patients with advanced HIV disease. Med Mycol 59(10):1041\u20131047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mmy\/myab038","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"158_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760170554","author":"C Firacative","year":"2018","unstructured":"Firacative C, Lizarazo J, Illnait-Zaragoz\u00ed MT, Casta\u00f1eda E (2018) The status of cryptococcosis in Latin America. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0074-02760170554","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"1","key":"158_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10010013","volume":"10","author":"C Firacative","year":"2021","unstructured":"Firacative C, Trilles L, Meyer W (2021) Recent advances in cryptococcus and cryptococcosis. 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World Health Organization"},{"key":"158_CR14","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022b) WHO fungal priority pathogens list to guide research, development and public health action. World Health Organization. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/363682"},{"issue":"2","key":"158_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2378776","volume":"103","author":"X Xu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xu X, Akay A, Wei H, Wang S, Pingguan-Murphy B, Erlandsson B-E, Li X, Lee W, Hu J, Wang L, Xu F (2015) Advances in smartphone-based point-of-care diagnostics. 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Informed consent is not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Adherence to national and international regulations"}},{"value":"We, the authors, give our consent for the publication of this manuscript and related content in IMA Fungus.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"DB-P, DC-M and ML-O work for Spotlab. AA-I has received honoraria for educational talks on behalf of Gilead and Pfizer, outside of the submitted work.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"27"}}