{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T18:28:34Z","timestamp":1740162514679,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Pensoft Publishers","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand and Mahidol University, Thailand","award":["N42A650339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A650339"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004156","name":"Mahidol University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MU-PD_2023_07","CF_65003","CF_67004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MU-PD_2023_07","CF_65003","CF_67004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004156","name":"Mahidol University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IMA Fungus"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pythiosis is a severe disease in humans and animals globally, caused by the pathogenic oomycete <jats:italic>Pythium insidiosum<\/jats:italic>. Early and accurate detection is crucial for effective treatment, but traditional diagnostic methods have limitations. This study presents an alternative approach using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for lipid profiling to efficiently identify <jats:italic>P. insidiosum<\/jats:italic>. The study involved extracting microbial lipid components using optimized chloroform: methanol biphasic method and creating a lipid profile database with samples from 30 <jats:italic>P. insidiosum<\/jats:italic> isolates and 50 various fungi. The methodology was validated on 25 blinded samples for assay detection performance. Unique lipid profiles allowed species-specific identification with high efficiency: scores\u2009\u2265\u20092.682 indicated <jats:italic>P. insidiosum<\/jats:italic>, scores\u2009\u2264\u20092.512 suggested fungi, and scores in between pointed to other oomycetes. The assay demonstrated sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 100%, 80%, and 88%, respectively, for detecting <jats:italic>P. insidiosum<\/jats:italic>. The limited detection specificity was due to false positive samples from closely related <jats:italic>Pythium<\/jats:italic> species, which are not a significant clinical concern. The findings show that MALDI-TOF MS lipid profiling can efficiently identify <jats:italic>P. insidiosum<\/jats:italic>, offering significant advantages in sample preparation, stability, and reproducibility over protein profile-based methods. This study marks the first instance of lipid profiles being reported for <jats:italic>P. insidiosum<\/jats:italic>, paving the way for clinical use in improving accurate detection and facilitating timely treatment interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s43008-024-00163-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:04:39Z","timestamp":1730419479000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhanced detection of Pythium insidiosum via lipid profiling with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.3897","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nichapat","family":"Yurayart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paisan","family":"Jittorntam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yothin","family":"Kumsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thidarat","family":"Rujirawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atisak","family":"Jiaranaikulwanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0545-3765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theerapong","family":"Krajaejun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2258","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"163_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo5020389","volume":"5","author":"ZH Alshehry","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alshehry ZH, Barlow CK, Weir JM et al (2015) An efficient single phase method for the extraction of plasma lipids. Metabolites 5:389\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo5020389","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"163_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02931290","volume":"50","author":"B Blagovi\u0107","year":"2005","unstructured":"Blagovi\u0107 B, Rupci\u0107 J, Mesari\u0107 M, Mari\u0107 V (2005) Lipid analysis of the plasma membrane and mitochondria of brewer\u2019s yeast. Folia Microbiol 50:24\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02931290","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol"},{"key":"163_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.2.344-349.1987","volume":"25","author":"AW De Cock","year":"1987","unstructured":"De Cock AW, Mendoza L, Padhye AA, Ajello L, Kaufman L (1987) Pythium insidiosum sp. nov., the etiologic agent of pythiosis. J Clin Microbiol 25:344\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.25.2.344-349.1987","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"163_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811700106","volume":"106","author":"CS Ejsing","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ejsing CS, Sampaio JL, Surendranath V et al (2009) Global analysis of the yeast lipidome by quantitative shotgun mass spectrometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:2136\u20132141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0811700106","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"163_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64849-5","volume":"226","author":"J Folch","year":"1957","unstructured":"Folch J, Lees M, Sloane Stanley GH (1957) A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 226:497\u2013509","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"163_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.07.019","volume":"146","author":"W Gaastra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gaastra W, Lipman LJ, De Cock AW et al (2010) Pythium insidiosum: an overview. Vet Microbiol 146:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.07.019","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"163_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.6885","volume":"28","author":"HC Hsu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hsu HC, Lu IC, Lin PH et al (2014) Does decarboxylation make 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid special in matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization? Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 28:1082\u20131088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rcm.6885","journal-title":"Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom"},{"key":"163_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2012.12.002","volume":"2","author":"N Keoprasom","year":"2013","unstructured":"Keoprasom N, Chularojanamontri L, Chayakulkeeree M et al (2013) Vascular pythiosis in a thalassemic patient presenting as bilateral leg ulcers. Med Mycol Case Rep 2:25\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mmcr.2012.12.002","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"key":"163_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1086\/506353","volume":"43","author":"T Krajaejun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krajaejun T, Sathapatayavongs B, Pracharktam R et al (2006) Clinical and epidemiological analyses of human pythiosis in Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 43:569\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/506353","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"163_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.09.006","volume":"77","author":"T Krajaejun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krajaejun T, Lohnoo T, Jittorntam P et al (2018) Assessment of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for identification and biotyping of the pathogenic oomycete Pythium insidiosum. Int J Infect Dis 77:61\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.09.006","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"163_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.2310\/6670.2008.00073","volume":"17","author":"K Laohapensang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Laohapensang K, Rutherford RB, Supabandhu J, Vanittanakom N (2009) Vascular pythiosis in a thalassemic patient. Vascular 17:234\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2310\/6670.2008.00073","journal-title":"Vascular"},{"key":"163_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02852-12","volume":"51","author":"AF Lau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lau AF, Drake SK, Calhoun LB, Henderson CM, Zelazny AM (2013) Development of a clinically comprehensive database and a simple procedure for identification of molds from solid media by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. J Clin Microbiol 51:828\u2013834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.02852-12","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"163_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W260","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz303","volume":"47","author":"F Lemoine","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lemoine F, Correia D, Lefort V et al (2019) NGPhylogeny.fr: new generation phylogenetic services for non-specialists. Nucleic Acids Res 47:W260\u2013W265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkz303","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"163_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000941","volume":"68","author":"R Mani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mani R, Vilela R, Kettler N, Chilvers MI, Mendoza L (2019) Identification of Pythium insidiosum complex by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. J Med Microbiol 68:574\u2013584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.000941","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"163_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7040242","author":"Z Mar Htun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mar Htun Z, Laikul A, Pathomsakulwong W et al (2021) Identification and biotyping of Pythium insidiosum isolated from urban and rural areas of Thailand by multiplex PCR, DNA barcode, and proteomic analyses. J Fungi. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof7040242","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"163_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.D700041-JLR200","volume":"49","author":"V Matyash","year":"2008","unstructured":"Matyash V, Liebisch G, Kurzchalia TV, Shevchenko A, Schwudke D (2008) Lipid extraction by methyl-tert-butyl ether for high-throughput lipidomics. J Lipid Res 49:1137\u20131146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1194\/jlr.D700041-JLR200","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"163_CR17","unstructured":"MedCalc Software Ltd (2024). Diagnostic test evaluation calculator. https:\/\/www.medcalc.org\/calc\/diagnostic_test.php (Version 22.030; accessed 20 Feb 2024)"},{"key":"163_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.11.2967-2973.1993","volume":"31","author":"L Mendoza","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mendoza L, Hernandez F, Ajello L (1993) Life cycle of the human and animal oomycete pathogen Pythium insidiosum. J Clin Microbiol 31:2967\u20132973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.31.11.2967-2973.1993","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"163_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.6.1583-1585.1996","volume":"34","author":"AJ Morris","year":"1996","unstructured":"Morris AJ, Byrne TC, Madden JF, Reller LB (1996) Duration of incubation of fungal cultures. J Clin Microbiol 34:1583\u20131585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.34.6.1583-1585.1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"163_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.20.10.0595","volume":"260","author":"D Nguyen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nguyen D, Vilela R, Miraglia BM et al (2022) Geographic distribution of Pythium insidiosum infections in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 260:530\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.20.10.0595","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"163_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-0937-2","volume":"17","author":"A-C Normand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Normand A-C, Cassagne C, Gautier M et al (2017) Decision criteria for MALDI-TOF MS-based identification of filamentous fungi using commercial and in-house reference databases. BMC Microbiol 17:25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-017-0937-2","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"163_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7060474","volume":"7","author":"T Rotchanapreeda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rotchanapreeda T, Sae-Chew P, Lohnoo T et al (2021) Immunological cross-reactivity of proteins extracted from the oomycete Pythium insidiosum and the fungus Basidiobolus ranarum compromises the detection specificity of immunodiagnostic assays for pythiosis. J Fungi 7:474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof7060474","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"163_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00249-006-0090-6","volume":"36","author":"J Schiller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schiller J, S\u00fcss R, Fuchs B et al (2007) The suitability of different DHB isomers as matrices for the MALDI-TOF MS analysis of phospholipids: which isomer for what purpose? Eur Biophys J 36:517\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00249-006-0090-6","journal-title":"Eur Biophys J"},{"key":"163_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02399-13","volume":"52","author":"B Schulthess","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schulthess B, Bloemberg GV, Zbinden R, B\u00f6ttger EC, Hombach M (2014) Evaluation of the Bruker MALDI Biotyper for identification of Gram-positive rods: development of a diagnostic algorithm for the clinical laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 52:1089\u20131097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.02399-13","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"163_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1017\/s0953756203007718","volume":"107","author":"AM Schurko","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schurko AM, Mendoza L, L\u00e9vesque CA et al (2003) A molecular phylogeny of Pythium insidiosum. Mycol Res 107:537\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0953756203007718","journal-title":"Mycol Res"},{"key":"163_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00791","volume":"6","author":"N Singhal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singhal N, Kumar M, Kanaujia PK, Virdi JS (2015) MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: an emerging technology for microbial identification and diagnosis. Front Microbiol 6:791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00791","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"163_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.621452","volume":"10","author":"V Solntceva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Solntceva V, Kostrzewa M, Larrouy-Maumus G (2020) Detection of species-specific lipids by routine MALDI TOF mass spectrometry to unlock the challenges of microbial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 10:621452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.621452","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"163_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3482","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00687-09","volume":"48","author":"LG Stevenson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stevenson LG, Drake SK, Shea YR, Zelazny AM, Murray PR (2010) Evaluation of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for identification of clinically important yeast species. J Clin Microbiol 48:3482\u20133486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00687-09","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"163_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2016.08.010","volume":"130","author":"G St\u00fcbiger","year":"2016","unstructured":"St\u00fcbiger G, Wuczkowski M, Mancera L et al (2016) Characterization of yeasts and filamentous fungi using MALDI lipid phenotyping. J Microbiol Methods 130:27\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mimet.2016.08.010","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"163_CR31","first-page":"43","volume":"7","author":"M Thianprasit","year":"1996","unstructured":"Thianprasit M, Chaiprasert A, Imwidthaya P (1996) Human pythiosis. Curr Top Med Mycol 7:43\u201354","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Mycol"},{"key":"163_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-021-00603-w","volume":"26","author":"P Thongsuk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thongsuk P, Plongla R, Thammahong A et al (2021) Vascular pythiosis caused by Pythium aphanidermatum: the first case report in Asia. Eur J Med Res 26:132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40001-021-00603-w","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"163_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/lipd.12263","volume":"56","author":"CZ Ulmer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ulmer CZ, Koelmel JP, Jones CM et al (2021) A review of efforts to improve lipid stability during sample preparation and standardization efforts to ensure accuracy in the reporting of lipid measurements. Lipids 56:3\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lipd.12263","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"163_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2330","volume":"9","author":"G van Meer","year":"2008","unstructured":"van Meer G, Voelker DR, Feigenson GW (2008) Membrane lipids: where they are and how they behave. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9:112\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrm2330","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"163_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16251","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c03071","volume":"95","author":"J Walczak-Skierska","year":"2023","unstructured":"Walczak-Skierska J, Monedeiro F, Ma\u015blak E, Z\u0142och M (2023) Lipidomics characterization of the microbiome in people with diabetic foot infection using MALDI-TOF MS. Anal Chem 95:16251\u201316262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c03071","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"163_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2020.07.003","volume":"29","author":"AG White","year":"2020","unstructured":"White AG, Smart K, Hathcock T et al (2020) Successful management of cutaneous paralagenidiosis in a dog treated with mefenoxam, minocycline, prednisone, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Med Mycol Case Rep 29:38\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mmcr.2020.07.003","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"key":"163_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00879","volume":"10","author":"MWK Wong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wong MWK, Braidy N, Pickford R, Sachdev PS, Poljak A (2019) Comparison of single phase and biphasic extraction protocols for lipidomic studies using human plasma. Front Neurol 10:879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2019.00879","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"163_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8020182","author":"H Yolanda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yolanda H, Krajaejun T (2022) Global distribution and clinical features of pythiosis in humans and animals. J Fungi. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof8020182","journal-title":"J Fungi"}],"container-title":["IMA Fungus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s43008-024-00163-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s43008-024-00163-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s43008-024-00163-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T15:53:22Z","timestamp":1739202802000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/IMAFungus.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s43008-024-00163-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43008-024-00163-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-6359"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2210-6359"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable (no humans and animals are involved).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"32"}}