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Two primary types of HF exist, namely HF with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and HF reduced with LVEF. The progression of HF involves compensatory mechanisms such as cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and alterations in gene expression. Pressure overload and volume overload are common etiologies of HF, with pressure overload often stemming from conditions like hypertension, leading to left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis. In contrast, volume overload can arise from chronic valvular regurgitant disease, also inducing left ventricular hypertrophy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Main body<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In vitro cell culture techniques serve as vital tools in studying HF pathophysiology, allowing researchers to investigate cellular responses and potential therapeutic targets. Additionally, biomarkers, measurable biological characteristics, play a crucial role in diagnosing and predicting HF. Some notable biomarkers include adrenomedullin, B-type natriuretic peptide, copeptin, galectin-3, interleukin-6, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), midregional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide, myostatin, procollagen type I C-terminal propeptide, procollagen type III N-terminal propeptide and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). These biomarkers aid in HF diagnosis, assessing its severity, and monitoring treatment response, contributing to a deeper understanding of the disease and potentially leading to improved management strategies and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This review provides comprehensive insights into various in vivo models of HF, commonly utilized cell lines in HF research, and pivotal biomarkers with diagnostic relevance for HF. By synthesizing this information, researchers gain valuable resources to further explore HF pathogenesis, identify novel therapeutic targets, and enhance diagnostic and prognostic approaches.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s43044-024-00568-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T09:02:37Z","timestamp":1729501357000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Exploring in vivo and in vitro models for heart failure with biomarker insights: a review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Anil Kumar","family":"Prajapati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaurang","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"36","key":"568_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","volume":"42","author":"TA McDonagh","year":"2021","unstructured":"McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M et al (2021) 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. 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