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Indonesia, with 69.1 million smokers, experiences a high burden of smoking-related diseases. This study aims to evaluate the impact of conventional and e-cigarette exposure on atherosclerosis in <jats:italic>Rattus norvegicus<\/jats:italic> (Wistar rats).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Twenty-one male Wistar rats were randomized into three groups: control, conventional cigarette exposure, and e-cigarette exposure. Both smoking groups received equivalent nicotine doses for 30\u00a0min daily, five days a week, for 12\u00a0weeks. Aortic and iliac artery intima-media thickness (IMT) was measured, and plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were analyzed using ELISA. Histopathological changes were also examined.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Cigarette exposure significantly increased IMT in the aorta (control: 67.22\u2009\u00b1\u20093.07\u00a0\u00b5m; conventional: 100.89\u2009\u00b1\u200925.60\u00a0\u00b5m; e-cigarette: 83.75\u2009\u00b1\u20097.45\u00a0\u00b5m; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and iliac arteries (control: 68.50\u2009\u00b1\u20095.6\u00a0\u00b5m; conventional: 90.49\u2009\u00b1\u200925.02\u00a0\u00b5m; e-cigarette: 90.68\u2009\u00b1\u200912.26\u00a0\u00b5m; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.031). MCP-1 levels were significantly elevated in the conventional group (205.77\u2009\u00b1\u200922.18\u00a0pg\/mL; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003), while TNF-\u03b1 levels increased in both groups but without statistical significance. Histopathology revealed fatty streaks and elastic fiber disruption in both exposure groups, with no significant differences observed (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Both conventional and e-cigarettes promote atherosclerosis, as evidenced by increased arterial thickness and inflammatory markers. The cardiovascular risks associated with e-cigarettes are comparable to those of conventional cigarettes, highlighting the need for stricter regulation and public awareness.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s43044-025-00626-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T10:29:46Z","timestamp":1742984986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The impact of conventional and electronic cigarette exposure on atherosclerosis development in Rattus norvegicus"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"I Gde Rurus","family":"Suryawan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meity","family":"Ardiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony Santoso","family":"Putra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A\u2019rofah Nurlina","family":"Puspitasari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priangga","family":"Adi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wynne","family":"Widiarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pandit Bagus Tri","family":"Saputra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"626_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023) WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2023: protect people from tobacco smoke. 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