{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T22:59:22Z","timestamp":1792364362173,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Egypt Heart J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study aimed to evaluate the effects of a cardiac rehabilitation program based on physical exercise and the promotion of healthy habits on anxiety, depression, and health-related quality of life in patients with cardiovascular conditions. Additionally, it sought to analyze the influence of baseline anxiety and depression levels on post-treatment health-related quality of life outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A longitudinal study was conducted with 189 patients who completed a structured cardiac rehabilitation program. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale, while health-related quality of life was measured with the RAND-36 survey. Data were collected pre- and post-intervention. Statistical analyses included paired t tests for pre\/post-comparisons and ANCOVA to evaluate the impact of initial anxiety and depression on health-related quality of life improvements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cardiac rehabilitation program significantly reduced anxiety (mean difference\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20090.93, CI:\u2009\u2212\u20091.42 to\u2009\u2212\u20090.44, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; Cohen\u2019s d\u2009=\u20090.35) and depression (mean difference\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20090.62, CI:\u2009\u2212\u20090.99 to\u2009\u2212\u20090.25, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; Cohen\u2019s d\u2009=\u20090.32), with improvements observed across several health-related quality of life dimensions, including emotional well-being (p\u2009=\u20090.005) and energy\/fatigue (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Baseline anxiety and depression levels influenced changes in specific health-related quality of life dimensions, such as social functioning and role limitations due to physical health (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Causal interpretations are limited by the observational design and absence of a control group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results show an association between participation in cardiac rehabilitation programs and a reduction in anxiety and depression, as well as improved health-related quality of life in patients with cardiovascular disease. Baseline psychological status plays a key role in determining the magnitude of health-related quality of life improvements, highlighting the need for tailored interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s43044-025-00658-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T03:31:07Z","timestamp":1750390267000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Impact of cardiac rehabilitation on anxiety, depression, and health-related quality of life in cardiovascular patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Estrella","family":"Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirian","family":"Santamar\u00eda-Pel\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jer\u00f3nimo J.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefa","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Azucena","family":"Sedano Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"De Juana Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"S\u00e1nchez Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Garc\u00eda Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Solana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"658_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.01.030","volume":"77","author":"B Bozkurt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bozkurt B, Fonarow GC, Goldberg LR, Guglin M, Josephson RA, Forman DE, Lin G, Lindenfeld J, O\u2019Connor C, Panjrath G (2021) Cardiac rehabilitation for patients with heart failure: JACC expert panel. 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