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This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and early outcomes of percutaneous VSD closure using a range of occlusion devices in a heterogeneous patient population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective single-centre observational study of patients who underwent percutaneous VSD closure between 2017 and 2024 at a tertiary congenital cardiac centre.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty patients were included (12 females, 8 males) with a median age of 5.5 years (range 6 months\u201372.9 years) and median body weight of 18\u00a0kg (range 6.4\u2013127\u00a0kg). Native VSDs were present in 14 patients and residual post-surgical defects in 6. Defect types included perimembranous (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200913; including 3 Gerbode defects) and muscular (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097). Procedural success was achieved in 95% (19\/20). Immediate complete occlusion occurred in 65% (13\/20), while 7 patients had small residual shunts that remained haemodynamically insignificant at 1-year follow-up. Complications included one case of transient haemolysis and one case of ventricular ectopy requiring surgical device retrieval. No cases of complete heart block, device embolisation, or significant valve injury were observed during follow-up.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Percutaneous VSD closure using a range of occlusion devices is feasible and safe across different anatomies and age groups, with high procedural success and low complication rates at one-year follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s43044-026-00741-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:19:41Z","timestamp":1777367981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Percutaneous closure of native and residual ventricular septal defects using a diverse range of occluder devices: a single-centre experience"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Ahmed R. 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The study involved retrospective review and analysis of anonymized data from standard clinical procedures. No additional interventions were performed for research purposes. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the relevant national guidelines and with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration (1975, as revised in 2013). According to institutional policy, formal individual consent was not required due to the retrospective design and use of anonymized data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"26"}}