{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T17:05:07Z","timestamp":1789405507079,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Egypt Heart J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is increasingly recognized as a major heart failure phenotype globally; however, its diagnosis is complex and is recommended to require integrated assessment of clinical features, echocardiographic abnormalities, and biomarkers. In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where diagnostic resources are limited, HFpEF identification may rely on simplified approaches, potentially leading to under-recognition and heterogeneity in reporting. This review evaluates how HFpEF is identified and reported in SSA, with emphasis on diagnostic approaches, echocardiographic characterization, and biomarker use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A scoping review of observational studies reporting heart failure with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) data in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) was conducted using predefined eligibility criteria and reported in accordance with PRISMA-ScR. PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and African Journals Online (AJOL) were searched for relevant studies published in English from database inception to May 2026. Data were extracted on HFpEF definitions, echocardiographic parameters, biomarker use, and diagnostic approaches and frameworks used during the respective study periods. Contemporary HFpEF diagnostic frameworks, including HFA-PEFF and H\u2082FPEF, were considered separately when interpreting the compatibility of reported phenotyping approaches with current diagnostic concepts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>10 observational studies involving 3,821 patients with heart failure, published between 2009 and 2024, were included. Studies were conducted in South Africa, Nigeria, Senegal, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Cameroon, and Tanzania, with two multicountry Sub-Saharan African registries also represented. HFpEF definitions were inconsistent, with most studies relying primarily on LVEF\u2009\u2265\u200950% without application of structured diagnostic algorithms. Only two studies reported dedicated HFpEF cohorts, while the remainder identified HFpEF as a subgroup within broader heart failure populations. Echocardiographic reporting was highly variable; left ventricular hypertrophy and left atrial enlargement were the most frequently reported structural abnormalities, but diastolic function parameters were inconsistently assessed, and formal grading was rare. Natriuretic peptides were infrequently measured and seldom integrated into diagnostic classification. No study applied contemporary multiparametric diagnostic frameworks such as HFA-PEFF or H\u2082FPEF scoring systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HFpEF in SSA is predominantly identified using simplified ejection fraction-based criteria, with limited integration of echocardiographic diastolic assessment and biomarker data. This results in heterogeneous and potentially non-standardized phenotyping across studies, limiting comparability and accurate disease estimation. Strengthening diagnostic standardization through structured echocardiographic reporting, improved access to natriuretic peptide testing, and consideration of adapted multiparametric HFpEF algorithms may help improve diagnostic consistency and research quality in the region. These findings should be interpreted in the context of the heterogeneous and predominantly hospital-based evidence currently available from SSA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s43044-026-00779-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:27:28Z","timestamp":1789403248000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification and reporting of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in Sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review of diagnostic approaches, echocardiographic assessment, and evidence gaps"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3616-5012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faith Adedayo","family":"Adejumo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1292-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel Gbolagunte","family":"Olaniyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Temilade Patience","family":"Adejumo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra Kikelomo","family":"Odunaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humuani Ajibola","family":"Oba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boluwatife Juwon","family":"Falope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9135-7175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olanike Elizabeth","family":"Kasali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwayimika Oluwatobi","family":"Obielodan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Aderinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"779_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Valente V, Laborante R, Abdin A, Becher PM, Lainscak M, Polovina M, Gavina C, Savarese G (2026) The Global Epidemiology of Heart Failure: A Comprehensive and Contemporary Review. Eur J Heart Fail. ;xuag121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejhf\/xuag121. PMID: 41955514","DOI":"10.1093\/ejhf\/xuag121"},{"key":"779_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2022.06","volume":"8","author":"K Teramoto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teramoto K, Teng TK, Chandramouli C, Tromp J, Sakata Y, Lam CS (2022) Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Card Fail Rev 8:e27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/cfr.2022.06. PMID: 35991117; PMCID: PMC9379774","journal-title":"Card Fail Rev"},{"key":"779_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jessen N, Mocumbi AO, Sliwa K (2023) Heart failure in Africa: challenges of dealing with a heterogeneous syndrome in a heterogeneous continent. Eur Heart J. ;44(48):5015\u20135017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad742. PMID: 37949824","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad742"},{"issue":"18","key":"779_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.01.049","volume":"81","author":"BA Borlaug","year":"2023","unstructured":"Borlaug BA, Sharma K, Shah SJ, Ho JE (2023) Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: JACC Scientific Statement. J Am Coll Cardiol 81(18):1810\u20131834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.01.049. Epub 2023 Apr 19. PMID: 37137592","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"779_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pieske B, Tsch\u00f6pe C, de Boer RA, Fraser AG, Anker SD, Donal E, Edelmann F, Fu M, Guazzi M, Lam CSP, Lancellotti P, Melenovsky V, Morris DA, Nagel E, Pieske-Kraigher E, Ponikowski P, Solomon SD, Vasan RS, Rutten FH, Voors AA, Ruschitzka F, Paulus WJ, Seferovic P, Filippatos G (2019) How to diagnose heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the HFA-PEFF diagnostic algorithm: a consensus recommendation from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 40(40):3297\u20133317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz641. Erratum in: Eur Heart J. 2021;42(13):1274. doi: 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa1016. PMID: 31504452","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz641"},{"key":"779_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, B\u00f6hm M, Burri H, Butler J, \u010celutkien\u0117 J, Chioncel O, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, Crespo-Leiro MG, Farmakis D, Gilard M, Heymans S, Hoes AW, Jaarsma T, Jankowska EA, Lainscak M, Lam CSP, Lyon AR, McMurray JJV, Mebazaa A, Mindham R, Muneretto C, Francesco Piepoli M, Price S, Rosano GMC, Ruschitzka F, Kathrine Skibelund A, ESC Scientific Document Group (2021). 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 42(36):3599\u20133726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368. Erratum in: Eur Heart J. 2021;42(48):4901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab670. PMID: 34447992","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368"},{"issue":"1","key":"779_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15084","volume":"12","author":"IJ Ingimarsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ingimarsd\u00f3ttir IJ, Vishram-Nielsen JKK, Einarsson H, Goldfeder S, Mewton N, Barasa A, Basic C, Oerlemans MIFJ, Niederseer D, Shchendrygina A, Gustafsson F, Ruschitzka F, Kida K, Mohty D, Rakotonoel RR, Tun HN, Hrafnkelsd\u00f3ttir TJ, Saldarriaga C (2025) Diagnostic and therapeutic practice for HFpEF across continents and regions: An international survey. ESC Heart Fail 12(1):487\u2013496 Epub 2024 Oct 1. PMID: 39351634; PMCID: PMC11769610","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"779_CR8","first-page":"101408","volume":"52","author":"M Van Hoogland-van Heerden","year":"2024","unstructured":"Van Hoogland-van Heerden M, B\u00f6hmer LH, Heyneke O, Lechaba T, Scott L, Norton G, Woodiwiss A, Mntla P, Majane O (2024) Characteristics of heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction in black South African patients. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 52:101408 PMID: 38638536; PMCID: PMC11024654","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc"},{"key":"779_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mboup MC, Dia K, Fall PD (2013) Insuffisance cardiaque \u00e0 fraction d\u2019ejection preservee en afrique sub-saharienne: \u00e0 propos de 32 cas [Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in sub-Saharan Africa: about 32 cases]. Pan Afr Med J. 16:100. French. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/pamj.2013.16.100.2323. PMID: 24772229; PMCID: PMC3996443","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2013.16.100.2323"},{"key":"779_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.4236\/wjcd.2017.79026","volume":"7","author":"F Traore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Traore F, Bamba K, Koffi F, Ngoran Y, Mottoh M, Esaie S, Coulibaly I (2017) Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Report about 64 Cases Followed at the Heart Institute of Abidjan. World J Cardiovasc Dis 7:285\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/wjcd.2017.79026","journal-title":"World J Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"779_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.5334\/gh.940","volume":"16","author":"KM Karaye","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karaye KM, Dokainish H, ElSayed A, Mondo C, Damasceno A, Sliwa K, Balasubramanian K, Grinvalds A, Yusuf S (2021) investigators of INTERnational Congestive Heart Failure (INTER-CHF) Study. Clinical Profiles and Outcomes of Heart Failure in Five African Countries: Results from INTER-CHF Study. Glob Heart 16(1):50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/gh.940. PMID: 34381672; PMCID: PMC8323533","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"key":"779_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Damasceno A, Mayosi BM, Sani M, Ogah OS, Mondo C, Ojji D, Dzudie A, Kouam CK, Suliman A, Schrueder N, Yonga G, Ba SA, Maru F, Alemayehu B, Edwards C, Davison BA, Cotter G, Sliwa K (2012) The causes, treatment, and outcome of acute heart failure in 1006 Africans from 9 countries. Arch Intern Med. ;172(18):1386-94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.3310. PMID: 22945249","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.3310"},{"issue":"2","key":"779_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.10.077","volume":"170","author":"KM Karaye","year":"2013","unstructured":"Karaye KM, Akintunde AA (2013) Insights into heart failure with preserved ejection fraction among admitted Nigerian patients. Int J Cardiol 170(2):e36\u2013e37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.10.077. Epub 2013 Oct 25. PMID: 24200311","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"779_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31487\/j.JICOA.2020.06.07","author":"J Boombhi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boombhi J, Bele A, Temgoua MN, Hamadou B, Tochie JN, Tchapmi D, Nganou CN, Mfeukeu-Kuat\u00e9 L, Menanga A, Kingue S (2020) Comparative analysis of the clinical presentations, cardiovascular and laboratory findings and treatment of heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fractions in Cameroon: a multicenter cross-sectional study. J Integr Cardiol Open Access. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31487\/j.JICOA.2020.06.07","journal-title":"J Integr Cardiol Open Access"},{"key":"779_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maro EE, Kaushik R (2009) May-Aug;55(5\u20138):35\u2009\u2013\u20099 The role of echocardiography in the management of patients with congestive heart failure. Tanzanian experience. Cent Afr J Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/cajm.v55i5-8.63638. PMID: 21977826","DOI":"10.4314\/cajm.v55i5-8.63638"},{"key":"779_CR16","unstructured":"Ojji DB, Alfa J, Ajayi SO, Mamven MH, Falase AO Pattern of heart failure in Abuja, Nigeria: an echocardiographic study. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2009;20(6):349\u2013352 PMID: 20024475; PMCID: PMC3721294"},{"key":"779_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-9-52","volume":"9","author":"AK Adebayo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Adebayo AK, Adebiyi AA, Oladapo OO, Ogah OS, Aje A, Ojji DB, Falase AO (2009) Characterisation of heart failure with normal ejection fraction in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 9:52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2261-9-52. PMID: 19922629; PMCID: PMC2785749","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"779_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamo CE, DeJong C, Hartshorne-Evans N, Lund LH, Shah SJ, Solomon S, Lam CSP (2024) Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 10(1):55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-024-00540-y. PMID: 39143132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00540-y"},{"key":"779_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Formiga F, Nu\u00f1ez J, Castillo Moraga MJ, Cobo Marcos M, Egocheaga MI, Garc\u00eda-Prieto CF, Trueba-S\u00e1iz A, Matal\u00ed Gilarranz A, Fern\u00e1ndez Rodriguez JM (2024) Diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a systematic narrative review of the evidence. Heart Fail Rev. 29(1):179\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10741-023-10360-z. Epub 2023 Oct 20. Erratum in: Heart Fail Rev. 2024;29(1):301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10741-023-10365-8. PMID: 37861854; PMCID: PMC10904432","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-023-10360-z"},{"issue":"12","key":"779_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e092993","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-092993","volume":"14","author":"R Austin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Austin R, Khair E, Blakeman T, Hossain MZ, Sowden E, Chew-Graham C, Forsyth F, Deaton C (2024) Optimise HFpEF Investigators; Optimise HFpEF Investigators. Diagnosing and managing patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a consensus survey. BMJ Open 14(12):e092993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-092993. PMID: 39806710; PMCID: PMC11667415","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"779_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zakeri R, Mohammed SF (2024) Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Hidden in Plain Sight. JACC Heart Fail. ;12(6):1026\u20131029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchf.2024.03.017. PMID: 38839147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2024.03.017"},{"issue":"8","key":"779_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2020.03.013","volume":"8","author":"S Selvaraj","year":"2020","unstructured":"Selvaraj S, Myhre PL, Vaduganathan M, Claggett BL, Matsushita K, Kitzman DW, Borlaug BA, Shah AM, Solomon SD (2020) Application of diagnostic algorithms for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction to the community. JACC Heart Fail 8(8):640\u2013653 Epub 2020 Jun 10. PMID: 32535127; PMCID: PMC8030634","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"2","key":"779_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-024-00913-6","volume":"39","author":"LF Gafane-Matemane","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gafane-Matemane LF, Craig A, Kruger R, Alaofin OS, Ware LJ, Jones ESW, Kengne AP (2025) Hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: the current profile, recent advances, gaps, and priorities. J Hum Hypertens 39(2):95\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41371-024-00913-6. Epub 2024 May 2. PMID: 38698111; PMCID: PMC11867975","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"issue":"1","key":"779_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2147\/vhrm.2008.04.01.123","volume":"4","author":"AP Kengne","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kengne AP, Dzudie A, Sobngwi E (2008) Heart failure in sub-Saharan Africa: a literature review with emphasis on individuals with diabetes. Vasc Health Risk Manag 4(1):123\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/vhrm.2008.04.01.123. PMID: 18629376; PMCID: PMC2464771","journal-title":"Vasc Health Risk Manag"},{"issue":"8","key":"779_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-025-01138-x","volume":"22","author":"AO Mocumbi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mocumbi AO, Hotta VT, Bukhman G, Ntusi N, Yacoub MH, Correia-de-S\u00e1 P (2025) Endomyocardial fibrosis: recent advances and future therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cardiol 22(8):564\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41569-025-01138-x. Epub 2025 Feb 26. PMID: 40011660","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"779_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477988","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1477988","volume":"11","author":"S Senigarapu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Senigarapu S, Driscoll JJ (2024) A review of recent clinical trials to evaluate disease-modifying therapies in the treatment of cardiac amyloidosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 11:1477988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1477988. PMID: 39540049; PMCID: PMC11557331","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"4","key":"779_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2024.10.011","volume":"18","author":"M Fontana","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fontana M, Ioannou A, Cuddy S, Dorbala S, Masri A, Moon JC, Singh V, Clerc O, Hanna M, Ruberg F, Grogan M, Emdin M, Gillmore J (2025) The Last Decade in Cardiac Amyloidosis: Advances in Understanding Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Quantification, Prognosis, Treatment Strategies, and Monitoring Response. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 18(4):478\u2013499 Epub 2025 Jan 8. PMID: 39797879; PMCID: PMC12273739","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"779_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512550","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1512550","volume":"15","author":"KL Dominic","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dominic KL, Schmidt AV, Granzier H, Campbell KS, Stelzer JE (2024) Mechanism-based myofilament manipulation to treat diastolic dysfunction in HFpEF. Front Physiol 15:1512550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2024.1512550. PMID: 39726859; PMCID: PMC11669688","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"779_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1113\/EP090674","volume":"109","author":"K Bunsawat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bunsawat K, Nelson MD, Hearon CM Jr, Wray DW (2024) Exercise intolerance in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Causes, consequences and the journey towards a cure. Exp Physiol 109(4):502\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/EP090674. Epub 2023 Dec 8. PMID: 38063130; PMCID: PMC10984794","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"779_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2848","volume":"25","author":"H Tsutsui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tsutsui H, Albert NM, Coats AJS, Anker SD, Bayes-Genis A, Butler J, Chioncel O, Defilippi CR, Drazner MH, Felker GM, Filippatos G, Fiuzat M, Ide T, Januzzi JL Jr, Kinugawa K, Kuwahara K, Matsue Y, Mentz RJ, Metra M, Pandey A, Rosano G, Saito Y, Sakata Y, Sato N, Seferovic PM, Teerlink J, Yamamoto K, Yoshimura M (2023) Natriuretic peptides: role in the diagnosis and management of heart failure: a scientific statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America and Japanese Heart Failure Society. Eur J Heart Fail 25(5):616\u2013631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.2848 Epub 2023 Apr 26. PMID: 37098791","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"9","key":"779_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034646","volume":"138","author":"YNV Reddy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reddy YNV, Carter RE, Obokata M, Redfield MM, Borlaug BA (2018) A Simple, Evidence-Based Approach to Help Guide Diagnosis of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation 138(9):861\u2013870 PMID: 29792299; PMCID: PMC6202181","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"779_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.5603\/cj.95191","volume":"31","author":"A Kubicius","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kubicius A, G\u0105sior Z, Haberka M (2024) Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: diagnostic value of HFA-PEFF score, H\u2082FPEF score, and the diastolic stress echocardiography. Cardiol J 31(5):708\u2013715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/cj.95191. Epub 2024 Apr 8. PMID: 38587116; PMCID: PMC11544415","journal-title":"Cardiol J"},{"issue":"5","key":"779_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4243","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13533","volume":"8","author":"A Shahim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shahim A, Hourqueig M, Donal E, Oger E, Venkateshvaran A, Daubert JC, Savarese G, Linde C, Lund LH, Hage C (2021) Predictors of long-term outcome in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a follow-up from the KaRen study. ESC Heart Fail 8(5):4243\u20134254 Epub 2021 Aug 10. PMID: 34374216; PMCID: PMC8497206","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"4","key":"779_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.11.019","volume":"7","author":"G Savarese","year":"2019","unstructured":"Savarese G, Vedin O, D\u2019Amario D, Uijl A, Dahlstr\u00f6m U, Rosano G, Lam CSP, Lund LH (2019) Prevalence and Prognostic Implications of Longitudinal Ejection Fraction Change in Heart Failure. JACC Heart Fail 7(4):306\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.11.019. Epub 2019 Mar 6. Erratum in: JACC Heart Fail. 2019;7(8):735\u2013736. doi: 10.1016\/j.jchf.2019.06.008. Abstract corrected. PMID: 30852236","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"779_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dzudie A, Hongieh Abanda M, Nkoke C, Barche B, Damasceno A, Edwards C, Davison B, Cotter G, Sliwa K, THEUS-HF A, Sani M, Ojji D, Suliman A, Yonga G, Ogah OS, Mondo C, Dzudie A, Charles KK, Abdou Ba S, Maru F, Alemayehu B, Edwards C, Davison BA, Cotter G, Sliwa, Sliwa K (2020) Clinical characteristics and outcomes of black African heart failure patients with preserved, mid\u2010range, and reduced ejection fraction: a post hoc analysis of the THESUS\u2010HF registry. ESC Heart Fail. 8(1):238\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.12903. PMCID: PMC7835626","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12903"}],"container-title":["The Egyptian Heart Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s43044-026-00779-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s43044-026-00779-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s43044-026-00779-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:27:30Z","timestamp":1789403250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s43044-026-00779-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["779"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43044-026-00779-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-911X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-911X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"66"}}