{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T15:05:16Z","timestamp":1781708716888,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Egypt Natl Canc Inst"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The bone marrow microenvironment in multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by complex immune dysregulation involving multiple inhibitory pathways. Among these, the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)\/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis contributes to T-cell dysfunction; However, its isolated role within this multifactorial network remains incompletely defined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective observational study performed a cross-sectional immunophenotypic analysis of 39 newly diagnosed MM (NDMM) patients. PD-1 expression on T cells and PD-L1 expression on bone marrow (BM) plasma cells (PCs) were assessed using flow cytometry. Associations with clinical and laboratory parameters were analyzed using correlation analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PD-L1 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) on PCs showed a positive correlation with BM T-cell percentage (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.350,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.029). PD-1 MFI on T cells correlated with total leukocytic count (TLC) (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.326,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.043). In International Staging System (ISS) stage III patients, PD-L1 expression on PC correlated with T cells% (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.501,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.018) and TLC (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.427,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.047), while PD-1 expression showed a strong positive correlation with TLC (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.676,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) and a negative correlation with age (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.492,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.020). No significant association was observed with treatment response.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provide an exploratory description of PD-1\/PD-L1 expression patterns within the BM microenvironment in MM. Only in advanced cases according to ISS, PD-L1 expression on PC was linked to BM T cells frequency. PD-1\/PD-L1 expression patterns were not linked to treatment response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s43046-026-00379-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T14:50:11Z","timestamp":1781707811000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) \/ programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in multiple myeloma"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Shimaa","family":"El-Garf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reham","family":"Hammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Kandeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Rabea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Alrayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"379_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JP9.0000000000000245","author":"H Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li H, Yu Y, Chen L, Wu J, Guo W, Chen S, Lyu W, Wang L, Xu J. 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