{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T12:17:41Z","timestamp":1793621861793,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82203056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82203056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Biomed"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tumor metastasis severely compromises the prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The biogenic amine 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), derived from tryptophan (Trp), has been reported to promote tumor growth, but its role in NSCLC metastasis has not been fully elucitated. In this study, fecal metabolomic profiling revealed significant enrichment of Trp metabolism and serotonergic synapse pathways in patients with NSCLC metastasis. Notably, the levels of 5-HT in peripheral blood showed a positive correlation with fecal Trp concentrations in NSCLC patients. Functional experiments demonstrated that 5-HT promoted NSCLC cell migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and metastasis by inhibiting the expression of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide G (SNRPG). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) further identified cyclin-dependent kinase 14 (CDK14) as a critical downstream target of SNRPG. SNRPG downregulated CDK14 expression, thereby restraining malignant phenotypes in NSCLC cells. Furthermore, SNRPG negatively regulated the protein levels of Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) by directly binding to it. Loss of SNRPG led to WT1 accumulation, which in turn bound to the CDK14 promoter and activated transcription, ultimately driving NSCLC metastasis. These findings collectively suggest that the 5-HT\/SNRPG\/WT1\/CDK14 axis plays a pivotal role in promoting NSCLC metastasis and highlight 5-HT and SNRPG as potential therapeutic targets for NSCLC metastasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-025-00312-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T23:02:50Z","timestamp":1759100570000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["5-Hydroxytryptamine promotes non-small cell lung cancer metastasis via the SNRPG\/WT1\/CDK14 Axis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jinzhe","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Guang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiqian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei-Ran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Wen","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10299","key":"312_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00312-3","volume":"398","author":"AA Thai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thai AA, Solomon BJ, Sequist LV, Gainor JF, Heist RS. Lung cancer. Lancet. 2021;398(10299):535\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00312-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"312_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2017.08.008","volume":"12","author":"EA David","year":"2017","unstructured":"David EA, Clark JM, Cooke DT, Melnikow J, Kelly K, Canter RJ. The role of thoracic surgery in the therapeutic management of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2017;12(11):1636\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtho.2017.08.008.","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"312_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2017.0050","volume":"15","author":"DS Ettinger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ettinger DS, Wood DE, Aisner DL, Akerley W, Bauman J, Chirieac LR, et al. Non-small cell lung cancer, version 5.2017, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2017;15(4):504\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6004\/jnccn.2017.0050.","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"issue":"7","key":"312_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.0494","volume":"8","author":"L Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu L, Shah K. The potential of the gut microbiome to reshape the cancer therapy paradigm: a review. JAMA Oncol. 2022;8(7):1059\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.0494.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"312_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00802-21","volume":"9","author":"H Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu H, Gao NL, Tong F, Wang J, Li H, Zhang R, et al. Alterations of the human lung and gut microbiomes in non-small cell lung carcinomas and distant metastasis. Microbiol Spectr. 2021;9(3):e0080221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/Spectrum.00802-21.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"9","key":"312_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-021-01467-x","volume":"125","author":"KA Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee KA, Luong MK, Shaw H, Nathan P, Bataille V, Spector TD. The gut microbiome: what the oncologist ought to know. Br J Cancer. 2021;125(9):1197\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41416-021-01467-x.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"312_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2022.216039","volume":"555","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng Z, Hou X, Bian Z, Jia W, Zhao L. Gut microbiota and colorectal cancer metastasis. Cancer Lett. 2023;555:216039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2022.216039.","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"issue":"6","key":"312_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-021-10130-x","volume":"38","author":"C Henstra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henstra C, van Praagh J, Olinga P, Nagelkerke A. The gastrointestinal microbiota in colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2021;38(6):495\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10585-021-10130-x.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Metastasis"},{"issue":"4","key":"312_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-021-01123-5","volume":"16","author":"L Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han L, Zhao L, Zhou Y, Yang C, Xiong T, Lu L, et al. Altered metabolome and microbiome features provide clues in understanding irritable bowel syndrome and depression comorbidity. ISME J. 2022;16(4):983\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41396-021-01123-5.","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"issue":"9","key":"312_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00697-8","volume":"18","author":"J Correale","year":"2022","unstructured":"Correale J, Hohlfeld R, Baranzini SE. The role of the gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2022;18(9):544\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-022-00697-8.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"312_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524015666150114113411","volume":"15","author":"D Sarrouilhe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sarrouilhe D, Clarhaut J, Defamie N, Mesnil M. Serotonin and cancer: what is the link? Curr Mol Med. 2015;15(1):62\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1566524015666150114113411.","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"312_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.Cir-20-1043","volume":"9","author":"T Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li T, Fu B, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Yang M, Cao M, et al. Overproduction of gastrointestinal 5-HT promotes colitis-associated colorectal cancer progression via enhancing NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Cancer Immunol Res. 2021;9(9):1008\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/2326-6066.Cir-20-1043.","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"issue":"14","key":"312_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.04.024","volume":"110","author":"P Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu P, Lu T, Chen Z, Liu B, Fan D, Li C, et al. 5-hydroxytryptamine produced by enteric serotonergic neurons initiates colorectal cancer stem cell self-renewal and tumorigenesis. Neuron. 2022;110(14):2268\u201382.e4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.04.024.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"312_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031268","author":"P Balakrishna","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balakrishna P, George S, Hatoum H, Mukherjee S. Serotonin pathway in cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22031268.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"22","key":"312_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.09.006","volume":"186","author":"N Ripin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ripin N, Parker R. Formation, function, and pathology of RNP granules. Cell. 2023;186(22):4737\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2023.09.006.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"11","key":"312_CR16","first-page":"6702","volume":"11","author":"L Mabonga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mabonga L, Kappo AP. The oncogenic potential of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide G: a comprehensive and perspective view. Am J Transl Res. 2019;11(11):6702\u201316.","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"312_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41065-021-00187-9","volume":"158","author":"H Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang H, Han X, Gao S. Identification of potential biomarkers for pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Hereditas. 2021;158(1):23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41065-021-00187-9.","journal-title":"Hereditas"},{"key":"312_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.2147\/ott.S244339","volume":"13","author":"X Du","year":"2020","unstructured":"Du X, Wang T, Wang Z, Wu X, Gu Y, Huang Q, et al. 5-HT(7) Receptor Contributes to Proliferation, Migration and Invasion in NSCLC Cells. Onco Targets Ther. 2020;13:2139\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ott.S244339.","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther"},{"key":"312_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.01343-20","author":"L Xiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiao L, Yan J, Yang T, Zhu J, Li T, Wei H, et al. Fecal microbiome transplantation from children with autism spectrum disorder modulates tryptophan and serotonergic synapse metabolism and induces altered behaviors in germ-free mice. mSystems. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mSystems.01343-20.","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"312_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154651","volume":"110","author":"ZJ Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang ZJ, Chen LH, Xu J, Xu QX, Xu W, Yang XW. Corylin ameliorates chronic ulcerative colitis via regulating the gut-brain axis and promoting 5-hydroxytryptophan production in the colon. Phytomedicine. 2023;110:154651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154651.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"312_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wrae166","author":"L Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang L, Hao Y, Han D, Dong W, Yang A, Sun Z, et al. Gut microbiota dysbiosis deteriorates immunoregulatory effects of tryptophan via colonic indole and LBP\/HTR2B-mediated macrophage function. ISME J. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ismejo\/wrae166.","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"issue":"1","key":"312_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-024-00205-y","volume":"5","author":"MM Kajumba","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kajumba MM, Kakooza-Mwesige A, Nakasujja N, Koltai D, Canli T. Treatment-resistant depression: molecular mechanisms and management. Mol Biomed. 2024;5(1):43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43556-024-00205-y.","journal-title":"Mol Biomed"},{"issue":"20","key":"312_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10184","DOI":"10.1039\/d1fo02172a","volume":"12","author":"Z Gu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gu Z, Pei W, Shen Y, Wang L, Zhu J, Zhang Y, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila and its outer protein Amuc_1100 regulates tryptophan metabolism in colitis. Food Funct. 2021;12(20):10184\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d1fo02172a.","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"312_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14020195","author":"Z Bian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bian Z, Li Z, Chang H, Luo J, Jian S, Zhang J, et al. Resveratrol ameliorates chronic stress in kennel dogs and mice by regulating gut microbiome and metabolome related to tryptophan metabolism. Antioxidants. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox14020195.","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"6","key":"312_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.003","volume":"23","author":"A Agus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Agus A, Planchais J, Sokol H. Gut microbiota regulation of tryptophan metabolism in health and disease. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;23(6):716\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.003.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"3","key":"312_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3727\/096504016x14635761799038","volume":"24","author":"MH Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu MH, Shi SM, Li K, Chen EQ. Knockdown of PFTK1 expression by RNAi inhibits the proliferation and invasion of human non-small lung adenocarcinoma cells. Oncol Res. 2016;24(3):181\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3727\/096504016x14635761799038.","journal-title":"Oncol Res"},{"key":"312_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Romero Rom\u00e1n A, Campo-Ca\u00f1averal de la Cruz JL, Mac\u00eda I, Escobar Campuzano I, Figueroa Alm\u00e1nzar S, Delgado Roel M. Outcomes of surgical resection after neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in locally advanced stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2021;60(1):81\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejcts\/ezab007.","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezab007"},{"issue":"3","key":"312_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz127","volume":"11","author":"K Gao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gao K, Mu CL, Farzi A, Zhu WY. Tryptophan metabolism: a link between the gut microbiota and brain. Adv Nutr. 2020;11(3):709\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/advances\/nmz127.","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"312_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Danneskiold-Sams\u00f8e NB, Dias de Freitas Queiroz Barros H, Santos R, Bicas JL, Cazarin CBB, Madsen L. Interplay between food and gut microbiota in health and disease. Food Res Int. 2019;115:23\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.07.043.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.07.043"},{"issue":"5","key":"312_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90526-6","volume":"107","author":"A Uribe","year":"1994","unstructured":"Uribe A, Alam M, Johansson O, Midtvedt T, Theodorsson E. Microflora modulates endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa of the rat. Gastroenterology. 1994;107(5):1259\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90526-6.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"312_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38018-z","volume":"9","author":"AD Mandi\u0107","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mandi\u0107 AD, Woting A, Jaenicke T, Sander A, Sabrowski W, Rolle-Kampcyk U, et al. Clostridium ramosum regulates enterochromaffin cell development and serotonin release. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-38018-z.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"312_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1038\/ctg.2012.8","volume":"3","author":"M Manocha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Manocha M, Khan WI. Serotonin and GI disorders: an update on clinical and experimental studies. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2012;3(4):e13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ctg.2012.8.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"312_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2019.01.004","volume":"7","author":"YH Kwon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kwon YH, Wang H, Denou E, Ghia JE, Rossi L, Fontes ME, et al. Modulation of gut microbiota composition by serotonin signaling influences intestinal immune response and susceptibility to colitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;7(4):709\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2019.01.004.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"312_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-018-9558-z","volume":"30","author":"A Selberherr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Selberherr A, Koperek O, Riss P, Scheuba C, Kaderli R, Perren A, et al. Neuroendocrine liver metastasis-a specific set of markers to detect primary tumor sites. Endocr Pathol. 2019;30(1):31\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12022-018-9558-z.","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"312_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2009.09.013","volume":"29","author":"N Dizeyi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dizeyi N, Hedlund P, Bjartell A, Tinzl M, Austild-Task\u00e9n K, Abrahamsson PA. Serotonin activates MAP kinase and PI3K\/Akt signaling pathways in prostate cancer cell lines. Urol Oncol. 2011;29(4):436\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urolonc.2009.09.013.","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"312_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1901191","volume":"2021","author":"JR Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen JR, Huang MS, Lee YC, Lin MH, Yang YF. Potential clinical value of 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 3C as a prognostic biomarker for lung cancer. J Oncol. 2021;2021:2021:1901191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/1901191.","journal-title":"J Oncol"},{"issue":"49","key":"312_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6979","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210508","volume":"26","author":"K Aigner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aigner K, Dampier B, Descovich L, Mikula M, Sultan A, Schreiber M, et al. The transcription factor ZEB1 (\u03b4EF1) promotes tumour cell dedifferentiation by repressing master regulators of epithelial polarity. Oncogene. 2007;26(49):6979\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.onc.1210508.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"55","key":"312_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6958","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2008.346","volume":"27","author":"G Moreno-Bueno","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moreno-Bueno G, Portillo F, Cano A. Transcriptional regulation of cell polarity in EMT and cancer. Oncogene. 2008;27(55):6958\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/onc.2008.346.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"9","key":"312_CR39","first-page":"6150","volume":"14","author":"L Mabonga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mabonga L, Ikwegbue PC, Masamba P, Kappo AP. Molecular interaction between small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide G and heat shock protein 70.14: a microscale thermophoresis exposition towards developing anti-cancer drugs. Am J Transl Res. 2022;14(9):6150\u201362.","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"issue":"21","key":"312_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-019-0711-z","volume":"38","author":"M Blijlevens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blijlevens M, van der Meulen-Muileman IH, de Menezes RX, Smit EF, van Beusechem VW. High-throughput RNAi screening reveals cancer-selective lethal targets in the RNA spliceosome. Oncogene. 2019;38(21):4142\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41388-019-0711-z.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"1","key":"312_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2019.0164","volume":"17","author":"Y Lan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lan Y, Lou J, Hu J, Yu Z, Lyu W, Zhang B. Downregulation of SNRPG induces cell cycle arrest and sensitizes human glioblastoma cells to temozolomide by targeting Myc through a p53-dependent signaling pathway. Cancer Biol Med. 2020;17(1):112\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2019.0164.","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"312_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2019.02.015","volume":"26","author":"FM Ferguson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferguson FM, Doctor ZM, Ficarro SB, Browne CM, Marto JA, Johnson JL, et al. Discovery of Covalent CDK14 Inhibitors with Pan-TAIRE Family Specificity. Cell Chem Biol. 2019;26(6):804\u201317.e12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chembiol.2019.02.015.","journal-title":"Cell Chem Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"312_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111331","volume":"40","author":"M Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang M, Zhang L, Geng A, Li X, Zhou Y, Xu L, et al. CDK14 inhibition reduces mammary stem cell activity and suppresses triple negative breast cancer progression. Cell Rep. 2022;40(11):111331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111331.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"312_CR44","first-page":"1167","volume":"8","author":"Y Miyoshi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Miyoshi Y, Ando A, Egawa C, Taguchi T, Tamaki Y, Tamaki H, et al. High expression of Wilms\u2019 tumor suppressor gene predicts poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8(5):1167\u201371.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"312_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800588","volume":"19","author":"S Nakatsuka","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nakatsuka S, Oji Y, Horiuchi T, Kanda T, Kitagawa M, Takeuchi T, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of WT1 protein in a variety of cancer cells. Mod Pathol. 2006;19(6):804\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/modpathol.3800588.","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"312_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s004320050037","volume":"126","author":"HD Menssen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Menssen HD, Bertelmann E, Bartelt S, Schmidt RA, Pecher G, Schramm K, et al. Wilms\u2019 tumor gene (WT1) expression in lung cancer, colon cancer and glioblastoma cell lines compared to freshly isolated tumor specimens. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2000;126(4):226\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004320050037.","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"312_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00733.x","volume":"90","author":"Y Oji","year":"1999","unstructured":"Oji Y, Ogawa H, Tamaki H, Oka Y, Tsuboi A, Kim EH, et al. Expression of the Wilms\u2019 tumor gene WT1 in solid tumors and its involvement in tumor cell growth. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1999;90(2):194\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00733.x.","journal-title":"Jpn J Cancer Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"312_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068837","volume":"8","author":"C Xu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu C, Wu C, Xia Y, Zhong Z, Liu X, Xu J, et al. WT1 promotes cell proliferation in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines through up-regulating cyclin D1 and p-pRb in vitro and in vivo. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(8):e68837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0068837.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"312_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e31829f6a5f","volume":"8","author":"C Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu C, Zhu W, Qian J, He S, Wu C, Chen Y, et al. WT1 promotes invasion of NSCLC via suppression of CDH1. J Thorac Oncol. 2013;8(9):1163\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JTO.0b013e31829f6a5f.","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"312_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddh040","volume":"13","author":"M Niksic","year":"2004","unstructured":"Niksic M, Slight J, Sanford JR, Caceres JF, Hastie ND. The Wilms\u2019 tumour protein (WT1) shuttles between nucleus and cytoplasm and is present in functional polysomes. Hum Mol Genet. 2004;13(4):463\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hmg\/ddh040.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"20","key":"312_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.12.20.3217","volume":"12","author":"RC Davies","year":"1998","unstructured":"Davies RC, Calvio C, Bratt E, Larsson SH, Lamond AI, Hastie ND. WT1 interacts with the splicing factor U2AF65 in an isoform-dependent manner and can be incorporated into spliceosomes. Genes Dev. 1998;12(20):3217\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gad.12.20.3217.","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"issue":"12","key":"312_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1402306","volume":"20","author":"YC Bor","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bor YC, Swartz J, Morrison A, Rekosh D, Ladomery M, Hammarskj\u00f6ld ML. The Wilms\u2019 tumor 1 (WT1) gene (+KTS isoform) functions with a CTE to enhance translation from an unspliced RNA with a retained intron. Genes Dev. 2006;20(12):1597\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gad.1402306.","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"312_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1986.233","volume":"54","author":"DJ Chaplin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Chaplin DJ. Potentiation of RSU-1069 tumour cytotoxicity by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Br J Cancer. 1986;54:727\u201331.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"312_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-1544-8","volume":"15","author":"A Bernstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bernstein A, Reichert SNA, S\u00fcdkamp NP, Hernandez SL, Nerlich AG, K\u00fchle J, et al. Expression of xylosyltransferases I and II and their role in the pathogenesis of arthrofibrosis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020;15(1):27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13018-020-1544-8.","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"}],"container-title":["Molecular Biomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s43556-025-00312-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s43556-025-00312-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s43556-025-00312-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T23:02:52Z","timestamp":1759100572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s43556-025-00312-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43556-025-00312-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-8651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-8651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 August 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University (Ethics Approval No. 2023\u2013132). All patients involved in this study signed informed consent. All animal experiments in this study were approved by the Animal Ethics Review Committee of Dalian Medical University (Ethics Approval No. AEE23068).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All patient consent forms were collected prior to the publication of this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"69"}}