{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T10:14:45Z","timestamp":1779963285247,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDB0490000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB0490000"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC2304102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2304102"]}]},{"name":"USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative","award":["YD9100002040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YD9100002040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Biomed"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The ongoing epidemic of mpox highlights the urgency of developing novel and effective vaccines against mpox virus (MPXV). Circular RNA (circRNA) has emerged as a promising novel vaccine platform due to its high stability, resistance to exonuclease-mediated degradation, and potential to support prolonged antigen expression. Based on our lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated circRNA vaccine platform, we developed two novel bi-antigen circRNA vaccines cirEV and cirMV, which respectively encode the combination of MPXV extracellular enveloped virion (EEV) antigens (A35R and B6R) or intracellular mature virion (IMV) antigens (A29L and M1R). The two MPXV circRNA vaccines alone or mixed as a combination vaccine successfully induce high levels of antigen-specific antibody responses and cellular immune responses against the MPXV antigens and protect mice from lethal vaccinia virus (VACV) challenge in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, both circRNA vaccines can provide complete long-term cross-protection against lethal VACV challenge at day 260 after first immunization, indicating the durability of vaccine-induced protective immunity. Notably, vaccine-induced cellular immune responses play a crucial role in immune protection and virus clearance in mice. Our study provides critical insights to understand the protective mechanisms underlying circRNA vaccines in an\n                    <jats:italic>orthopoxvirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    surrogate model, demonstrating that bi-antigen circRNA vaccines represent a promising multivalent vaccine platform.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-026-00474-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T09:47:32Z","timestamp":1779961652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CircRNA based bi-antigen\u00a0vaccines against mpox virus induce potent and durable cross-protection in mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jinge","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoxin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianxi","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangxu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zefeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Chuai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"474_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2022.07.004","volume":"55","author":"CC Lai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lai CC, Hsu CK, Yen MY, Lee PI, Ko WC, Hsueh PR. Monkeypox: an emerging global threat during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2022;55(5):787\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmii.2022.07.004.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"474_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01675-2","volume":"8","author":"J Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu J, Xing H, Wang C, Tang M, Wu C, Ye F, et al. Mpox (formerly monkeypox): pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8(1):458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-023-01675-2.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"474_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16374","volume":"79","author":"B Cabanillas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cabanillas B, Murdaca G, Guemari A, Torres MJ, Azkur AK, Aksoy E, et al. Monkeypox 2024 outbreak: fifty essential questions and answers. Allergy. 2024;79(12):3285\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/all.16374.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"11","key":"474_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2024.2399776","volume":"56","author":"F Branda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Branda F, Ceccarelli G, Ciccozzi M, Scarpa F. First cases of Mpox Clade I outside of Africa: genetic insights on its evolution. Infect Dis. 2024;56(11):1003\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23744235.2024.2399776.","journal-title":"Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"474_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02117-1","volume":"85","author":"Y Rizk","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rizk Y, Lippi G, Henry BM, Notarte KI, Rizk JG. Update on Mpox management: epidemiology, vaccines and therapeutics, and regulatory changes. Drugs. 2025;85(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-024-02117-1.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"474_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2457958","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2457958","volume":"16","author":"W Hou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hou W, Wu N, Liu Y, Tang Y, Quan Q, Luo Y, et al. Mpox: global epidemic situation and countermeasures. Virulence. 2025;16(1):2457958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21505594.2025.2457958.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"474_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2147\/dddt.s3687","volume":"4","author":"A Nalca","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nalca A, Zumbrun EE. ACAM2000: the new smallpox vaccine for United States Strategic National Stockpile. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2010;4:71\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/dddt.s3687.","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"issue":"20","key":"474_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7320a3","volume":"73","author":"SAJ Guagliardo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guagliardo SAJ, Kracalik I, Carter RJ, Braden C, Free R, Hamal M, et al. Monkeypox virus infections after 2 preexposure doses of JYNNEOS vaccine - United States, May 2022-May 2024. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2024;73(20):460\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7320a3.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"474_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105703","volume":"115","author":"K Kobiyama","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kobiyama K, Utsumi D, Kaku Y, Sasaki E, Yasui F, Okamura T, et al. Immunological analysis of LC16m8 vaccine: preclinical and early clinical insights into Mpox. EBioMedicine. 2025;115:105703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105703.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"474_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WHO adds LC16m8 mpox vaccine to Emergency Use Listing. Saudi Med J. 2024;45(12):1401\u20132","DOI":"10.15537\/1658-3175.8502"},{"key":"474_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102420","volume":"68","author":"V Mazzotta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mazzotta V, Lepri AC, Matusali G, Cimini E, Piselli P, Aguglia C, et al. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of modified vaccinia Ankara pre-exposure vaccination against mpox according to previous smallpox vaccine exposure and HIV infection: prospective cohort study. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;68:102420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102420.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"474_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghazy RM, Elrewany E, Gebreal A, ElMakhzangy R, Fadl N, Elbanna EH, et al. Systematic review on the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and immunogenicity of monkeypox vaccine. Vaccines (Basel). 2023;11(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines11111708.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11111708"},{"key":"474_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03649-9","author":"S Eslamkhah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Eslamkhah S, Aslan ES, Yavas C, Akcali N, Batur LK, Abuaisha A, et al. Mpox virus (MPXV): comprehensive analysis of pandemic risks, pathophysiology, treatments, and mRNA vaccine development. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-024-03649-9.","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"474_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533533","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1533533","volume":"16","author":"LA Bravo-Vazquez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bravo-Vazquez LA, Bernal-Vazquez D, Duttaroy AK, Paul S. Current status of next-generation vaccines against mpox virus: a scoping review. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1533533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1533533.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"474_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wadhwa A, Aljabbari A, Lokras A, Foged C, Thakur A. Opportunities and challenges in the delivery of mRNA-based vaccines. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics12020102.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12020102"},{"issue":"1","key":"474_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05096-6","volume":"9","author":"RA Wesselhoeft","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wesselhoeft RA, Kowalski PS, Anderson DG. Engineering circular RNA for potent and stable translation in eukaryotic cells. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):2629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-018-05096-6.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"474_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.05.043","volume":"348","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Dain L, Mei L, Zhu G. Circular RNA: an emerging frontier in RNA therapeutic targets, RNA therapeutics, and mRNA vaccines. J Control Release. 2022;348:84\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.05.043.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"issue":"1","key":"474_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01561-x","volume":"8","author":"D Niu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Niu D, Wu Y, Lian J. Circular RNA vaccine in disease prevention and treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8(1):341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-023-01561-x.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"474_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/s0042-6822(02)00038-7","volume":"306","author":"JW Hooper","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hooper JW, Custer DM, Thompson E. Four-gene-combination DNA vaccine protects mice against a lethal vaccinia virus challenge and elicits appropriate antibody responses in nonhuman primates. Virology. 2003;306(1):181\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0042-6822(02)00038-7.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"1","key":"474_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9516","volume":"254","author":"MC Galmiche","year":"1999","unstructured":"Galmiche MC, Goenaga J, Wittek R, Rindisbacher L. Neutralizing and protective antibodies directed against vaccinia virus envelope antigens. Virology. 1999;254(1):71\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/viro.1998.9516.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"6","key":"474_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114269","volume":"43","author":"T Ye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ye T, Zhou J, Guo C, Zhang K, Wang Y, Liu Y, et al. Polyvalent Mpox mRNA vaccines elicit robust immune responses and confer potent protection against Vaccinia virus. Cell Rep. 2024;43(6):114269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114269.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"474_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2024.04.028","volume":"32","author":"J Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou J, Ye T, Yang Y, Li E, Zhang K, Wang Y, et al. Circular RNA vaccines against Monkeypox virus provide potent protection against Vaccinia virus infection in mice. Mol Ther. 2024;32(6):1779\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymthe.2024.04.028.","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"474_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2192815","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2192815","volume":"12","author":"RR Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang RR, Wang ZJ, Zhu YL, Tang W, Zhou C, Zhao SQ, et al. Rational development of multicomponent mRNA vaccine candidates against Mpox. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2023;12(1):2192815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/22221751.2023.2192815.","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"10","key":"474_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.03.044","volume":"185","author":"L Qu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qu L, Yi Z, Shen Y, Lin L, Chen F, Xu Y, et al. Circular RNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants. Cell. 2022;185(10):1728-44 e16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2022.03.044.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"474_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8932","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53242-0","volume":"15","author":"X Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu X, Li Z, Li X, Wu W, Jiang H, Zheng Y, et al. A single-dose circular RNA vaccine prevents Zika virus infection without enhancing Dengue severity in mice. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):8932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-53242-0.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"474_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00963-4","volume":"9","author":"X Yue","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yue X, Zhong C, Cao R, Liu S, Qin Z, Liu L, et al. CircRNA based multivalent neuraminidase vaccine induces broad protection against Influenza viruses in mice. NPJ Vaccines. 2024;9(1):170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-024-00963-4.","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"issue":"20","key":"474_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2302191120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2302191120","volume":"120","author":"L Amaya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amaya L, Grigoryan L, Li Z, Lee A, Wender PA, Pulendran B, et al. Circular RNA vaccine induces potent t cell responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023;120(20):e2302191120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2302191120.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7","key":"474_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70498","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70498","volume":"97","author":"O Calle-Jimenez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Calle-Jimenez O, Casado-Fernandez G, Armenteros-Yeguas I, Lemus-Aguilar L, Baza B, Perez-Garcia JA, et al. Low specific t-cell immunity against Mpox elicited in people with HIV-1 and PrEP users after subcutaneous vaccination compared to natural infection. J Med Virol. 2025;97(7):e70498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.70498.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"474_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e667","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.667","volume":"5","author":"F Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang F, Cai G, Wang Y, Zhuang Q, Cai Z, Li Y, et al. Circular RNA-based neoantigen vaccine for hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy. MedComm (2020). 2024;5(8):e667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mco2.667.","journal-title":"MedComm (2020)"},{"issue":"27-28","key":"474_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.04.017","volume":"26","author":"JW Golden","year":"2008","unstructured":"Golden JW, Josleyn MD, Hooper JW. Targeting the Vaccinia virus L1 protein to the cell surface enhances production of neutralizing antibodies. Vaccine. 2008;26(27\u201328):3507\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.04.017.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"9","key":"474_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1038\/nm917","volume":"9","author":"E Hammarlund","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hammarlund E, Lewis MW, Hansen SG, Strelow LI, Nelson JA, Sexton GJ, et al. Duration of antiviral immunity after smallpox vaccination. Nat Med. 2003;9(9):1131\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm917.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"474_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.70.4.2627-2631.1996","volume":"70","author":"WE Demkowicz Jr.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Demkowicz WE Jr., Littaua RA, Wang J, Ennis FA. Human cytotoxic T-cell memory: long-lived responses to vaccinia virus. J Virol. 1996;70(4):2627\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.70.4.2627-2631.1996.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"7830","key":"474_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2622-0","volume":"586","author":"KS Corbett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Corbett KS, Edwards DK, Leist SR, Abiona OM, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Gillespie RA, et al. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness. Nature. 2020;586(7830):567\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2622-0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"27","key":"474_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","volume":"383","author":"FP Polack","year":"2020","unstructured":"Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(27):2603\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Molecular Biomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s43556-026-00474-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s43556-026-00474-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s43556-026-00474-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T09:47:35Z","timestamp":1779961655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s43556-026-00474-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43556-026-00474-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-8651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-8651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All animal experiments were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the Wuhan Institute of Virology (Chinese Academy of Sciences, approval number WIVA45202203). All experimental procedures were conducted in strict compliance with\n                      Chinese Laboratory Animal Regulations and the guidelines on Laboratory Animal Environment and Housing Facilities Requirements\n                      .All experiments with live MPXV were carried out in the BSL-3 facilities of the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, with approval number NBL3-2024069.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Yun Yang, Jiang Hu, Kai Zhang, and Fang Liu are employees of CirCode. Zefeng Wang is an advisor to CirCode. Zefeng Wang and Yun Yang are cofounders of CirCode Biomed. There is one unpublished patent application directed to the subject matter of the paper. Other authors have no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"79"}}