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In this way, cytokines are soluble and tissue-resident easily detectable biomarkers for the diagnosis and the prediction of clinical outcome, as well as drug targets. Over the years, the pleiotropic IL-8 gained a central role in the pathogenesis of several immunological disorders, spanning from autoimmune pathologies and sepsis to neurological, liver and cardiovascular diseases. In several solid cancers, IL-8 not only serves as a prognostic biomarker but also as predictive tool. Increasing evidence highlighted IL-8 as a prognostic\/predictive biomarker even for immunotherapy to stratify eligible patients, to avoid unnecessary toxicity and progression. Today, a comprehensive review covering IL-8 in all these fields has not yet been published. Hence, we aim to provide preclinical and clinical evidence on the biology and functions of IL-8, involved in the pathogenesis of non-malignant diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases, sepsis, neuroinflammation, liver and cardiovascular pathologies. In oncology area, we will describe the pro-tumorigenic roles, including the characterization of the immunosuppressive microenvironment, also discussing the implications of direct\/indirect IL-8 targeting and the involvement of gut microbiota. Unfortunately, the main obstacles to establish IL-8 as a useful non-invasive clinical tool for diagnosis and treatments\u2019 selection are the lack of the standardization of method detection and the source of IL-8 production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-026-00511-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T03:03:05Z","timestamp":1783566185000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Interleukin-8 in health and disease"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1648-3700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Bazzichetto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7258-1364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Dell\u2019Aquila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Veroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1981-5499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Belluomini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adele","family":"Bonato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3705-2598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Bernardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5647-2822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Bevilacqua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1316-3311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Cattazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0402-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Dalbeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0051-4910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarcisio Michele","family":"Tampu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8769-6498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Salari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9644-4399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo Francesco","family":"Fabene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4901-4908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Luchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3826-5237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Milella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8579-5222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Conciatori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"511_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.03.002","volume":"28","author":"JJ O'Shea","year":"2008","unstructured":"O\u2019Shea JJ, Murray PJ. 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