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Here we report the design and preclinical evaluation of SV, an mRNA vaccine encoding a heterodimeric receptor-binding domain (RBD) antigen. In this construct, a previously optimized monomeric RBD (BSCOV06) is tandemly linked to the KP.3 RBD, presenting two antigenically distinct RBDs within a single immunogen. A two-dose SV regimen in BALB\/c mice elicited high-titer neutralizing antibodies with potent cross-reactivity against BA.1, XBB.1.5, JN.1, KP.3, and the phylogenetically distant XDV variant. Integrated B cell receptor (BCR) and T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire profiling revealed that SV drives qualitatively distinct adaptive immune remodeling relative to BSCOV06. Key features included elevated class-switched somatic hypermutation, sustained naive B cell engagement, broad polyclonal T cell expansion, and extensive VJ gene-usage reprogramming across both lymphocyte compartments. In BALB\/c and K18-hACE2 transgenic mice, SV conferred robust protection against JN.1 and XDV challenge, substantially reducing pulmonary viral loads and attenuating histopathological injury. Notably, SV achieved immunogenicity and cross-protective efficacy comparable to or exceeding those of the three-dose BSCOV06 schedule, supporting the potential of heterodimeric antigen design. These findings support SV as a promising broad-spectrum COVID-19 vaccine candidate. More broadly, they suggest that heterodimeric RBD architectures incorporating antigenically divergent variants may represent a generalizable platform for countering viral immune evasion, with implications for future SARS-CoV-2 variants and other rapidly evolving viral pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-026-00560-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:56:27Z","timestamp":1788404187000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A dimeric mRNA vaccine based on key-mutant and KP.3 RBDs induces broad-spectrum immunity and protects mice against JN.1 and XDV challenges"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jiali","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longhai","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junbin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqi","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baisheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiangming","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1675-9735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuaiyao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"560_CR1","unstructured":"COVID-19 cases | WHO COVID-19 dashboard. 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