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In this study, an SE induction system for the recalcitrant species\n                    <jats:italic>Lilium amabile<\/jats:italic>\n                    Palib. was established by modulating redox homeostasis. The first SE in this species was achieved by supplementing MS medium containing 1.0\u00a0mg\u00b7L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    picloram (PIC) with 150.0\u00a0mg\u00b7L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    glutathione (GSH), which increased SE induction rate from 0 to 33.3%. Physiological analysis revealed that GSH treatment upregulated endogenous GSH and key antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Specifically, their activities were elevated 1.9- and 9.8-fold higher, respectively, than those of control. This synergistic action scavenged hydrogen peroxide (H\u2082O\u2082), thereby alleviating oxidative stress. Furthermore,\n                    <jats:italic>LaGSTU6<\/jats:italic>\n                    was identified as a core regulator of SE. In the SE-efficient lily\n                    <jats:italic>Lilium martagon<\/jats:italic>\n                    var.\n                    <jats:italic>pilosiusculum<\/jats:italic>\n                    Freyn, transient silencing of\n                    <jats:italic>LaGSTU6<\/jats:italic>\n                    delayed embryogenesis initiation, caused severe browning, induced H\u2082O\u2082 accumulation, and reduced the antioxidant capacity, yielding a significant decrease in both the SE induction rate and efficiency. These findings preliminarily confirm that\n                    <jats:italic>LaGSTU6<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a critical regulator of SE competence in lilies. Thus, we overcame genotypic recalcitrance and established the first SE induction system in\n                    <jats:italic>Lilium amabile<\/jats:italic>\n                    Palib. Our findings provide insights into the study of totipotency and inform strategies for regenerating recalcitrant germplasms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s43897-026-00244-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T23:01:43Z","timestamp":1791500503000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The glutathione S-transferase gene LaGSTU6 promotes somatic embryogenesis in a recalcitrant lily genotype by regulating scales redox homeostasis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"244_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-023-02484-4","volume":"38","author":"APD Andrade","year":"2024","unstructured":"Andrade APD, Motoike SY, Kuki KN, de Queiroz V, Madeira DDC, Granja MMC, et al. 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