{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:24:48Z","timestamp":1780399488222,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719187200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Anesth Analg Crit Care"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is widely employed as the initial treatment for patients with chronic acute exacerbation of obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). Nevertheless, high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has been increasingly utilized and investigated to mitigate the issues associated with NIV. Flow rate may play a significant role in diaphragmatic function among subjects recovering from AECOPD. Based on these observations, we conducted a physiological study to assess the impact of HFNC therapy on diaphragmatic function, as measured by US, respiratory rate (RR), gas exchange, and patient comfort at various flow rates.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A prospective physiological pilot study enrolled subjects with a diagnosis of AECOPD who required NIV for more than 24\u00a0h. After stabilization, these subjects underwent a 30-min trial using NIV and HFNC at different sequential flow rates (30\u201360 L\/min). At the end of each trial, diaphragmatic displacement (DD, cm) and diaphragmatic thickness fraction (DTF, %) were measured using ultrasound. Additionally, other physiological variables, such as RR, gas exchange, and patient comfort, were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 20 patients were included in the study. DD was no different among trials (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.753). DTF (%) was significantly lower with HFNC-30 L\/min compared to HFNC-50 and 60 L\/min (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 for all comparisons). No significant differences were found in arterial pH and P<jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> at discontinuation of NIV and at the end of HFNC trials (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.050). During HFNC trials, RR remained unchanged without statistically significant differences (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.611). However, we observed that HFNC improved comfort compared to NIV (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 for all comparisons). Interestingly, HFNC at 30 and 40 L\/min showed greater comfort during trials.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In subjects recovering from AECOPD and receiving HFNC, flows above 40 L\/min may not offer additional benefits in terms of comfort and decreased respiratory effort. HFNC could be a suitable alternative to COT during breaks off NIV.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s44158-024-00173-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T12:01:50Z","timestamp":1719230510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effect of high-flow nasal cannula at different flow rates on diaphragmatic function in subjects recovering from an acute exacerbation of COPD: a physiological prospective pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1521-7363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Colaianni-Alfonso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanesa","family":"C\u00e1ceres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Montiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore Maurizio","family":"Maggiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Vetrugno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"173_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602426","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02426-2016","volume":"50","author":"B Rochwerg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rochwerg B, Brochard L, Elliott MW, Hess D, Hill NS, Nava S et al (2017) Official ERS\/ATS clinical practice guidelines: noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Eur Respir J 50:1602426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02426-2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"173_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199509283331301","volume":"333","author":"L Brochard","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brochard L, Mancebo J, Wysocki M, Lofaso F, Conti G, Rauss A et al (1995) Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 333:817\u2013822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199509283331301","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"173_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/S00134-004-2320-7","volume":"30","author":"E Squadrone","year":"2004","unstructured":"Squadrone E, Frigerio P, Fogliati C, Gregoretti C, Conti G, Antonelli M et al (2004) Noninvasive vs invasive ventilation in COPD patients with severe acute respiratory failure deemed to require ventilatory assistance. Intensive Care Med 30:1303\u20131310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00134-004-2320-7","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"173_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/BJA\/AET070","volume":"110","author":"M Carron","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carron M, Freo U, Bahammam AS, Dellweg D, Guarracino F, Cosentini R et al (2013) Complications of non-invasive ventilation techniques: a comprehensive qualitative review of randomized trials. Br J Anaesth 110:896\u2013914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/BJA\/AET070","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"173_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FMED.2022.874250","volume":"9","author":"G Cammarota","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cammarota G, Simonte R, De Robertis E (2022) Comfort during non-invasive ventilation Front Med (Lausanne) 9:874250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FMED.2022.874250","journal-title":"Comfort during non-invasive ventilation Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"173_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0272372","volume":"17","author":"P Veenstra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Veenstra P, Veeger NJGM, Koppers RJH, Duiverman ML, van Geffen WH (2022) High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy for admitted COPD-patients. A retrospective cohort study PLoS One 17:e0272372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0272372","journal-title":"A retrospective cohort study PLoS One"},{"key":"173_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S13613-019-0597-5\/FIGURES\/3","volume":"9","author":"N Rittayamai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rittayamai N, Phuangchoei P, Tscheikuna J, Praphruetkit N, Brochard L (2019) Effects of high-flow nasal cannula and non-invasive ventilation on inspiratory effort in hypercapnic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a preliminary study. Ann Intensive Care 9:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13613-019-0597-5\/FIGURES\/3","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"173_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S402506","volume":"18","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang L, Wang Y, Ye Y, Gao J, Zhu F, Min L (2023) Comparison of high-flow nasal cannula with conventional oxygen therapy in patients with hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 18:895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/COPD.S402506","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"173_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/J.HRTLNG.2023.02.016","volume":"60","author":"H Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang H, Huang D, Luo J, Liang Z, Li J (2023) The use of high-flow nasal cannula in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease under exacerbation and stable phases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Lung 60:116\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.HRTLNG.2023.02.016","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"173_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/JOCN.15957","volume":"31","author":"L Duan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duan L, Xie C, Zhao N (2022) Effect of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. J Clin Nurs 31:87\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/JOCN.15957","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"173_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2019.1672637","volume":"16","author":"T Bonnevie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bonnevie T, Elkins M, Paumier C, Medrinal C, Combret Y, Patout M et al (2019) Nasal high flow for stable patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. COPD 16:368\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15412555.2019.1672637","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"173_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/7707010","volume":"2023","author":"Y Du","year":"2023","unstructured":"Du Y, Zhang H, Ma Z, Liu J, Wang Z, Lin M et al (2023) High-flow nasal oxygen versus noninvasive ventilation in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Can Respir J 2023:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/7707010","journal-title":"Can Respir J"},{"key":"173_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.3390\/HEALTHCARE10030536","volume":"10","author":"A Bruni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bruni A, Garofalo E, Procopio D, Corrado S, Caroleo A, Biamonte E et al (2022) Current practice of high flow through nasal cannula in exacerbated COPD patients. Healthcare. 10:536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/HEALTHCARE10030536","journal-title":"Healthcare."},{"key":"173_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.4187\/RESPCARE.10614","volume":"68","author":"N Colaianni-Alfonso","year":"2023","unstructured":"Colaianni-Alfonso N, Macloughlin R, Espada A, Saa Y, Techera M, Toledo A et al (2023) Delivery of aerosolized bronchodilators by high-flow nasal cannula during COPD exacerbation. Respir Care 68:721\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/RESPCARE.10614","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"173_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Di mussi R, Spadaro S, Stripoli T, Volta CA, Trerotoli P, Pierucci P, et al. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy decreases postextubation neuroventilatory drive and work of breathing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Crit Care 2018;22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13054-018-2107-9.","DOI":"10.1186\/S13054-018-2107-9"},{"key":"173_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E506","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003740","volume":"47","author":"F Longhini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Longhini F, Pisani L, Lungu R, Comellini V, Bruni A, Garofalo E et al (2019) High-flow oxygen therapy after noninvasive ventilation interruption in patients recovering from hypercapnic acute respiratory failure: a physiological crossover trial. Crit Care Med 47:E506\u2013E511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003740","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"173_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/S00134-013-2823-1","volume":"39","author":"D Matamis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Matamis D, Soilemezi E, Tsagourias M, Akoumianaki E, Dimassi S, Boroli F et al (2013) Sonographic evaluation of the diaphragm in critically ill patients Technique and clinical applications. Intensive Care Med 39:801\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00134-013-2823-1","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"173_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1053\/J.JVCA.2019.01.003","volume":"33","author":"L Vetrugno","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vetrugno L, Guadagnin GM, Barbariol F, Langiano N, Zangrillo A, Bove T (2019) Ultrasound imaging for diaphragm dysfunction: a narrative literature review. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 33:2525\u20132536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/J.JVCA.2019.01.003","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"173_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1378\/CHEST.08-1541","volume":"135","author":"A Boussuges","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boussuges A, Gole Y, Blanc P (2009) Diaphragmatic motion studied by m-mode ultrasonography: methods, reproducibility, and normal values. Chest 135:391\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/CHEST.08-1541","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"173_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.4187\/RESPCARE.06803","volume":"64","author":"G Cammarota","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cammarota G, Sguazzotti I, Zanoni M, Messina A, Colombo D, Vignazia GL et al (2019) Diaphragmatic ultrasound assessment in subjects with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure admitted to the emergency department. Respir Care 64:1469\u20131477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/RESPCARE.06803","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"173_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barbariol F, Deana C, Guadagnin GM, Cammarota G, Vetrugno L, Bassi F. Ultrasound diaphragmatic excursion during non-invasive ventilation in ICU: a prospective observational study. Acta Bio Medica\u202f: Atenei Parmensis 2021;92. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23750\/ABM.V92I3.11609.","DOI":"10.23750\/ABM.V92I3.11609"},{"key":"173_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rochwerg B, Brochard L, Elliott MW, Hess D, Hill NS, Nava S, et al. Official ERS\/ATS clinical practice guidelines: noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Eur Respir J 2017;50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02426-2016.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02426-2016"},{"key":"173_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","volume":"26","author":"MR Miller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A et al (2005) Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J 26:319\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"173_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1007\/S00134-015-3687-3","volume":"41","author":"EC Goligher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goligher EC, Laghi F, Detsky ME, Farias P, Murray A, Brace D et al (2015) Measuring diaphragm thickness with ultrasound in mechanically ventilated patients: feasibility, reproducibility and validity. Intensive Care Med 41:642\u2013649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00134-015-3687-3","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"173_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1007\/S00134-012-2547-7","volume":"38","author":"E Vivier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vivier E, Dessap AM, Dimassi S, Vargas F, Lyazidi A, Thille AW et al (2012) Diaphragm ultrasonography to estimate the work of breathing during non-invasive ventilation. Intensive Care Med 38:796\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00134-012-2547-7","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"173_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marchioni A, Castaniere I, Tonelli R, Fantini R, Fontana M, Tabb\u00ec L, et al. Ultrasound-assessed diaphragmatic impairment is a predictor of outcomes in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing noninvasive ventilation. Crit Care 2018;22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13054-018-2033-X.","DOI":"10.1186\/S13054-018-2033-X"},{"key":"173_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1164\/RCCM.201605-0916OC","volume":"195","author":"T Mauri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mauri T, Turrini C, Eronia N, Grasselli G, Volta CA, Bellani G et al (2017) Physiologic effects of high-flow nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 195:1207\u20131215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/RCCM.201605-0916OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"173_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Umbrello M, Formenti P, Longhi D, Galimberti A, Piva I, Pezzi A, et al. Diaphragm ultrasound as indicator of respiratory effort in critically ill patients undergoing assisted mechanical ventilation: a pilot clinical study. Crit Care 2015;19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13054-015-0894-9.","DOI":"10.1186\/S13054-015-0894-9"},{"key":"173_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/RESP.12916","volume":"22","author":"F Antenora","year":"2017","unstructured":"Antenora F, Fantini R, Iattoni A, Castaniere I, Sdanganelli A, Livrieri F et al (2017) Prevalence and outcomes of diaphragmatic dysfunction assessed by ultrasound technology during acute exacerbation of COPD: a pilot study. Respirology 22:338\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/RESP.12916","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"173_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PULMOE.2023.02.001","volume":"29","author":"ML Vega","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vega ML, Schifino G, Pisani L, Catalanotti V, Prediletto I, Nava S (2023) Diaphragm thickening fraction and inspiratory effort in patients with SARS-COV II pneumonia receiving different non-invasive respiratory supports. Pulmonology 29:424\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PULMOE.2023.02.001","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"173_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/S00134-017-4890-1\/METRICS","volume":"43","author":"T Mauri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mauri T, Alban L, Turrini C, Cambiaghi B, Carlesso E, Taccone P et al (2017) Optimum support by high-flow nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: effects of increasing flow rates. Intensive Care Med 43:1453\u20131463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00134-017-4890-1\/METRICS","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"173_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1136\/THORAXJNL-2015-207962","volume":"71","author":"JF Fraser","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fraser JF, Spooner AJ, Dunster KR, Anstey CM, Corley A (2016) Nasal high flow oxygen therapy in patients with COPD reduces respiratory rate and tissue carbon dioxide while increasing tidal and end-expiratory lung volumes: a randomised crossover trial. Thorax 71:759\u2013761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/THORAXJNL-2015-207962","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"132","key":"173_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1152\/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00416.2021","volume":"2022","author":"F Vieira","year":"1985","unstructured":"Vieira F, Bezerra FS, Coudroy R, Schreiber A, Telias I, Dubo S et al (1985) High flow nasal cannula compared to continuous positive airway pressure: a bench and physiological study. J Appl Physiol 2022(132):1580\u20131590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00416.2021","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"132","key":"173_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1152\/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00769.2021","volume":"2022","author":"MI Pinkham","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pinkham MI, Domanski U, Franke KJ, Hartmann J, Schroeder M, Williams T et al (1985) Effect of respiratory rate and size of cannula on pressure and dead-space clearance during nasal high flow in patients with COPD and acute respiratory failure. J Appl Physiol 2022(132):553\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00769.2021","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"114","key":"173_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1152\/JAPPLPHYSIOL.01308.2012","volume":"2013","author":"T M\u00fcndel","year":"1985","unstructured":"M\u00fcndel T, Feng S, Tatkov S, Schneider H (1985) Mechanisms of nasal high flow on ventilation during wakefulness and sleep. J Appl Physiol 2013(114):1058\u20131065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/JAPPLPHYSIOL.01308.2012","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"173_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1159\/000319036","volume":"81","author":"FJ Visser","year":"2011","unstructured":"Visser FJ, Ramlal S, Dekhuijzen PNR, Heijdra YF (2011) Pursed-lips breathing improves inspiratory capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 81:372\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000319036","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"173_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1152\/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00934.2014","volume":"118","author":"W M\u00f6ller","year":"2015","unstructured":"M\u00f6ller W, Celik G, Feng S, Bartenstein P, Meyer G, Eickelberg O et al (2015) Nasal high flow clears anatomical dead space in upper airway models. J Appl Physiol 118:1525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00934.2014","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"173_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S104616","volume":"11","author":"J Br\u00e4unlich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Br\u00e4unlich J, K\u00f6hler M, Wirtz H (2016) Nasal highflow improves ventilation in patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 11:1077\u20131085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/COPD.S104616","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"173_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/RESP.12080","volume":"18","author":"CT Lun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lun CT, Chan VL, Leung WS, Cheung APS, Cheng SL, Tsui MSN et al (2013) A pilot randomized study comparing two methods of non-invasive ventilation withdrawal after acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology 18:814\u2013819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/RESP.12080","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"173_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCRC.2018.10.004","volume":"48","author":"G Spoletini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spoletini G, Mega C, Pisani L, Alotaibi M, Khoja A, Price LL et al (2018) High-flow nasal therapy vs standard oxygen during breaks off noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Crit Care 48:418\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JCRC.2018.10.004","journal-title":"J Crit Care"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anesthesia, Analgesia and Critical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s44158-024-00173-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s44158-024-00173-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s44158-024-00173-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T12:01:58Z","timestamp":1719230518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/janesthanalgcritcare.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s44158-024-00173-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s44158-024-00173-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-3786"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-3786","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the ethical committee (code register 2663), and informed consent was obtained from participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"37"}}