{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:53:11Z","timestamp":1787961191914,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768003200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Anesth Analg Crit Care"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s44158-026-00337-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T03:13:36Z","timestamp":1768014816000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome and related shock in PICU: an underdiagnosed disease?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Piastra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivonne","family":"Portaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Dondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enzo","family":"Picconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony Christian","family":"Morena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Mondardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donato","family":"Rigante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Spinazzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"De Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"337_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(60)90018-8","volume":"29","author":"B Clarkson","year":"1960","unstructured":"Clarkson B, Thompson D, Horwith M, Luckey EH (1960) Cyclical edema and shock due to increased capillary permeability. Am J Med 29:193\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9343(60)90018-8","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"337_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197705000-00003","volume":"56","author":"JP Atkinson","year":"1977","unstructured":"Atkinson JP, Waldmann TA, Stein SF et al (1977) Systemic capillary leak syndrome and monoclonal IgG gammopathy: studies in a sixth patient and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 56(3):225\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005792-197705000-00003","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"1","key":"337_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.11.029","volume":"92","author":"E Siddall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Siddall E, Khatri M, Radhakrishnan J (2017) Capillary leak syndrome: etiologies, pathophysiology, and management. Kidney Int 92(1):37\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2016.11.029","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"337_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-153-2-201007200-00005","volume":"153","author":"KM Druey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Druey KM, Greipp PR (2010) Narrative review: the systemic capillary leak syndrome. Ann Intern Med 153(2):90\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-153-2-201007200-00005","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"337_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0159","volume":"85","author":"P Kapoor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kapoor P, Greipp PT, Schaefer EW et al (2010) Idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome (Clarkson\u2019s disease): the Mayo Clinic experience. Mayo Clin Proc 85(10):905\u2013912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4065\/mcp.2010.0159","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"7","key":"337_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-154-7-201104050-00004","volume":"154","author":"M Gousseff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gousseff M, Arnaud L, Lambert M et al (2011) The systemic capillary leak syndrome: a case series of 28 patients from a European registry. Ann Intern Med 154(7):464\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-154-7-201104050-00004","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"337_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e730","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2191","volume":"135","author":"P Hsu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hsu P, Xie Z, Frith K et al (2015) Idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome in children. Pediatrics 135(3):e730\u2013e735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2014-2191","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"337_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2017.07.021","volume":"6","author":"TS Eo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eo TS, Chun KJ, Hong SJ et al (2018) Clinical presentation, management, and prognostic factors of idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome: a systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 6(2):609\u2013618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2017.07.021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"337_CR9","unstructured":"Foris LA, Bhimji SS. Capillary Leak Syndrome. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022"},{"issue":"13","key":"337_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-12-261289","volume":"115","author":"H Yabe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yabe H, Yabe M, Koike T et al (2010) Rapid improvement of life-threatening capillary leak syndrome after stem cell transplantation by bevacizumab. Blood 115(13):2723\u20132724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2009-12-261289","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"3","key":"337_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.10.042","volume":"140","author":"KM Druey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Druey KM, Parikh SM (2017) Idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome (Clarkson disease). J Allergy Clin Immunol 140(3):663\u2013670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.10.042","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"18","key":"337_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4321","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-08-375816","volume":"119","author":"Z Xie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xie Z, Ghosh CC, Patel R et al (2012) Vascular endothelial hyperpermeability induces the clinical symptoms of Clarkson disease (the systemic capillary leak syndrome). Blood 119(18):4321\u20134332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2011-08-375816","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"337_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-021-02214-z","volume":"21","author":"S Kawabe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kawabe S, Saeki T, Yamazaki H et al (2021) Systemic capillary leak syndrome after influenza vaccination: a case report. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 21(1):406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-021-02214-z","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"337_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-020-02481-y","volume":"14","author":"E Cheung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheung E, Solodkyy A, Asseri A et al (2020) Viral triggers for idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 14(1):163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13256-020-02481-y","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"337_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-018-3189-8","volume":"177","author":"MA Bozzini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bozzini MA, Milani GP, Bianchetti MG et al (2018) Idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome (Clarkson syndrome) in childhood: systematic literature review. Eur J Pediatr 177(8):1149\u20131154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-018-3189-8","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"337_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9343(99)00189-x","volume":"107","author":"Y Levy","year":"1999","unstructured":"Levy Y, Gelfand JM, Martin L, Kaufman E (1999) Successful treatment of Clarkson\u2019s disease with intravenous gamma globulin. Am J Med 107(2):187\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9343(99)00189-x","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"337_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.13796","volume":"48","author":"EY Wong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wong EY, Ong SY, Ng HM et al (2018) A case series of systemic capillary leak syndrome with varying presentations. Intern Med J 48(6):736\u2013739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imj.13796","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"337_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e318163db4c","volume":"24","author":"M Piastra","year":"2008","unstructured":"Piastra M, Luca E, Stival E et al (2008) Case of sudden shock due to capillary leak. Pediatr Emerg Care 24(2):97\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PEC.0b013e318163db4c","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"337_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2014.11.005","volume":"36","author":"L Duron","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duron L, Delestre F, Amoura Z, Arnaud L (2015) Idiopathic and secondary capillary leak syndromes: a systematic review of the literature. Rev Med Interne 36(6):386\u2013394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.revmed.2014.11.005","journal-title":"Rev Med Interne"},{"issue":"1","key":"337_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13542","volume":"292","author":"JH Baek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baek JH, Zhang X, Williams MC et al (2022) Guideline for the diagnosis and management of idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome. J Intern Med 292(1):12\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joim.13542","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"337_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16664","volume":"50","author":"MA Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu MA, Colombo R, Podda GM et al (2023) Clinical laboratory tests useful for distinguishing between hereditary angioedema and acquired forms. J Dermatol 50(4):583\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1346-8138.16664","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"337_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.03.055","volume":"152","author":"E Azoulay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Azoulay E, Knoebl P, Garnacho-Montero J et al (2017) Expert statements on the standard of care in critically ill adult patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Chest 152(2):424\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2017.03.055","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5","key":"337_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(82)90413-7","volume":"50","author":"D Danilowicz","year":"1982","unstructured":"Danilowicz D, Hoffman R, Rosenzweig E (1982) Significance of the cardiothoracic ratio as assessed from chest roentgenograms in children and young adults with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 50(5):1031\u20131034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9149(82)90413-7","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"5 Suppl 1","key":"337_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000435","volume":"16","author":"SL Valentine","year":"2015","unstructured":"Valentine SL, Nadkarni VM, Curley MA (2015) Nonpulmonary treatments for pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: proceedings from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med 16(5 Suppl 1):S73\u2013S85. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000435","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"337_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002425","volume":"45","author":"AL Davis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davis AL, Carcillo JA, Aneja RK et al (2017) American College of Critical Care Medicine clinical practice parameters for hemodynamic support of pediatric and neonatal septic shock. Crit Care Med 45(6):1061\u20131093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002425","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"337_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7241264","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7241264","volume":"2019","author":"M Kahloul","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kahloul M, Tounsi A, Kacem H et al (2019) Systemic capillary leak syndrome after surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome: a case report. Case Rep Crit Care 2019:7241264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/7241264","journal-title":"Case Rep Crit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"337_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2014.05.005","volume":"24","author":"R Zutt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zutt R, van der Kooi AJ, Linthorst GE, Wanders RJ, de Visser M (2014) Rhabdomyolysis: review of the literature. Neuromuscul Disord 24(8):651\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmd.2014.05.005","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"337_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.10.017","volume":"94","author":"LM Barrera","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barrera LM, Trujillo-Ortega ME, Hanning I et al (2013) Attenuated response to selected stress-induced hormones in growing pigs. Res Vet Sci 94(3):447\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.10.017","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"337_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-015-0181-6","volume":"17","author":"A Ertel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ertel A, Pratt D, Kellman P et al (2015) Increased myocardial extracellular volume in active idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 17:76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12968-015-0181-6","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"337_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group (2012) KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney Int Suppl 2:1\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/kisup.2012.1","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2012.1"},{"key":"337_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pineton de Chambrun M, Gousseff M, Mauhin W, et al (2017) Intravenous immunoglobulins improve survival in monoclonal gammopathy-associated systemic capillary-leak syndrome. Am J Med 130(10):1219.e19\u20131219.e27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.05.023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.05.023"},{"key":"337_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pineton de Chambrun M, Luyt CE, Beloncle F, et al (2017) The clinical picture of severe systemic capillary-leak syndrome episodes requiring ICU admission. Crit Care Med 45(7):1216\u20131223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002496","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002496"},{"issue":"2","key":"337_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-020-02502-0","volume":"16","author":"A Zancanaro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zancanaro A, Serafini F, Fantin F et al (2021) Clinical and pathogenetic insights into systemic capillary leak syndrome: a systematic review of case reports. Intern Emerg Med 16(2):283\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11739-020-02502-0","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"337_CR34","first-page":"313","volume":"161","author":"KW Burchard","year":"1985","unstructured":"Burchard KW, Slotman GJ, Jed EH (1985) Positive end-expiratory pressure with increased intra-abdominal pressure. Surg Gynecol Obstet 161(4):313\u2013318","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"5","key":"337_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000150","volume":"42","author":"M Iwagami","year":"2014","unstructured":"Iwagami M, Yasunaga H, Doi K et al (2014) Postoperative polymyxin B hemoperfusion and mortality in patients with abdominal septic shock: a propensity-matched analysis. Crit Care Med 42(5):1187\u20131193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000150","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"337_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-022-03342-6","volume":"16","author":"Z Saeed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saeed Z, Worthley E, Boyle M et al (2022) A case of capillary leak syndrome secondary to COVID-19. J Med Case Rep 16(1):151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13256-022-03342-6","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"337_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deshpande V, Anand M (2023) Pediatric systemic capillary leak syndrome triggered by parainfluenza-3 virus. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 11:2050313X231152812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2050313X231152812","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X231152812"},{"issue":"2","key":"337_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25716","volume":"57","author":"I Collins","year":"2022","unstructured":"Collins I, Ladhani SN, Doherty JA et al (2022) Outcomes following atypical presentations with SARS-CoV-2 infection in children: a case series. Pediatr Pulmonol 57(2):483\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ppul.25716","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"6","key":"337_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10060840","volume":"10","author":"A Agarwal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Agarwal A, Pharmakakis I, Kirk R et al (2022) Systemic capillary leak syndrome following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination: a case report. Vaccines (Basel) 10(6):840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines10060840","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"issue":"21","key":"337_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4933","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10214933","volume":"10","author":"L Melly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Melly L, Miko E, Panghy S et al (2021) Treatment plan, surveillance, and outcome of systemic capillary leak syndrome: a systematic review. J Clin Med 10(21):4933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10214933","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"337_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000213","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9899.1000213","volume":"5","author":"Z Xie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xie Z, Chan E, Yin Y et al (2014) Inflammatory markers of the systemic capillary leak syndrome (Clarkson disease). J Clin Cell Immunol 5:1000213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2155-9899.1000213","journal-title":"J Clin Cell Immunol"},{"key":"337_CR42","unstructured":"Foris LA, Bhimji SS (2022) Capillary Leak Syndrome. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing"},{"issue":"6","key":"337_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e336","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000001190","volume":"40","author":"Z Xie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xie Z, Chen WS, Yin Y et al (2018) A single-center analysis of idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome in children. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 40(6):e336\u2013e339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MPH.0000000000001190","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"337_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PCC.0000149131.72248.E6","volume":"6","author":"B Goldstein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Goldstein B, Giroir B, Randolph A (2005) International pediatric sepsis consensus conference: definitions for sepsis and organ dysfunction in pediatrics. Pediatr Crit Care Med 6(1):2\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.PCC.0000149131.72248.E6","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"337_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31817d7c71","volume":"36","author":"M Lambert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lambert M, Launay D, Hachulla E et al (2008) High-dose intravenous immunoglobulins dramatically reverse systemic capillary leak syndrome. Crit Care Med 36(7):2184\u20132187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31817d7c71","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"337_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-11-199906010-00015","volume":"130","author":"NK Tahirkheli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tahirkheli NK, Greipp PR (1999) Treatment of the systemic capillary leak syndrome with terbutaline and theophylline. A case series. Ann Intern Med 130(11):905\u2013909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-130-11-199906010-00015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"337_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-013-0149-2","volume":"50","author":"J Kerketta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kerketta J, Lodha R, Kabra SK (2013) Clarkson syndrome: a rare pediatric case report. Indian Pediatr 50(5):509\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13312-013-0149-2","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"337_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2015.07.525","volume":"66","author":"SR Wilcox","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wilcox SR, Kabrhel C, Channick RN (2015) Pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med 66(6):619\u2013628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2015.07.525","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"337_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pineton de Chambrun M, Combes A, Amoura Z (2021) Systemic capillary leak syndrome: therapeutic and future directions. Curr Rev Allergy Immunol 60(3):338\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12016-021-08854-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-021-08854-5"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anesthesia, Analgesia and Critical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s44158-026-00337-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s44158-026-00337-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s44158-026-00337-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T15:47:02Z","timestamp":1770392822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s44158-026-00337-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s44158-026-00337-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-3786"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-3786","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u2018A. Gemelli\u2019 IRCCS, Rome, and the Institutional Review Board of Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna. Written informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians of all participants prior to inclusion in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22"}}