{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]],"date-time":"2025-02-22T00:37:41Z","timestamp":1740184661671,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Cases"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Cholesterol granuloma (CG) is a benign entity characterized by the presence of cholesterol crystals and foreign body giant cells. This condition can be attributed to cholesterol crystals that are deposited in the tissues and react with foreign body giant cells, resulting in granuloma formation. Lesions commonly develop in the otolaryngeal region, such as the middle ear. However, crystals rarely form in the thymus, accounting for 1% of all mediastinal tumors. Herein, we present five cases of mediastinal CG.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The patients were aged 49\u201361 (mean, 55.4) years. Among them, three were men and two women. One patient had fever, and four patients were asymptomatic. The patients\u2019 lesions were detected during follow-up of other diseases or medical examinations showing the presence of abnormal chest shadows. The patients did not have a history of trauma or surgery. All lesions were located within the thymus gland. Three patients presented with multifocal lesions and two with a single lesion. Four patients had contrast effect on computed tomography scan. Four patients had abnormal fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation (mean maximum standardized uptake value, 4.67) on positron emission tomography-computed tomography. Four patients underwent complete surgical resection. The size of the resected lesions ranged from 1.8 to 5.1 (mean, 3.24) cm. Histologically, all patients presented with small nodules with cholesterol clefts and foreign body giant cells and histiocyte infiltration within the thymic tissue. The postoperative course was excellent. None of the patients who underwent complete resection presented with recurrence. Moreover, the patient who underwent partial resection did not have lesion enlargement.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>CG in the thymus is clinically challenging to differentiate from malignant lesions, and histologic diagnosis via surgical resection is required.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s44215-024-00159-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T14:49:40Z","timestamp":1724338180000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A report on five cases of cholesterol granulomas in the thymus"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3509-9536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoko","family":"Ose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eiichi","family":"Morii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasushi","family":"Shintani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"159_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2012.07.009","volume":"22","author":"TR Krishnan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krishnan TR, Sinha SK, Kejriwal NK. A rare case of cholesterol granuloma in the anterior mediastinum. Heart Lung Circ. 2013;22:303\u20134.","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ"},{"key":"159_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s40792-020-00943-5","volume":"6","author":"T Manabe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Manabe T, Oka S, Ono K. Multifocal cholesterol granulomas of the anterior mediastinum. Surg Case Rep. 2020;6:182.","journal-title":"Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"159_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00361","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.361","volume":"6","author":"S Nagata","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nagata S, Ishihara M, Omasa M, Nakanishi T, Motoyama H. Multifocal thymic cysts with cholesterol granuloma. Respirol Case Rep. 2018;6:e00361.","journal-title":"Respirol Case Rep"},{"key":"159_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209481","volume":"72","author":"NE Drury","year":"2017","unstructured":"Drury NE, Smith DNE, Phillips LM, Trotter SE, Kalkat MS. Cholesterol granuloma of the anterior mediastinum. Thorax. 2017;72:671\u20132.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"159_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e318158eee8","volume":"2","author":"K Fujimoto","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fujimoto K, Takamori S, Yano H, Sadohara J, Matsuo T, Terazaki Y, et al. Focal cholesterol granuloma in the anterior mediastinum: [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings. J Thorac Oncol. 2007;2:1054\u20136.","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"159_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-015-1822-8","volume":"467","author":"A Weissferdt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weissferdt A, Kalhor N, Moran C. Primary thymic cholesteroloma: a clinicopathological correlation of four cases of an unusual benign lesion. Virchows Arch. 2015;467:609\u201311.","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"159_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2005.03.019","volume":"81","author":"H Luckraz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Luckraz H, Coulston J, Azzu A. Cholesterol granuloma of the superior mediastinum. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:1509\u201310.","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"159_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01928875","volume":"136","author":"P Manasse","year":"1894","unstructured":"Manasse P. Ueber Granulationsgeschw\u00fclste mit Fremdk\u00f6rperriesenzellen. Archiv f pathol Anat. 1894;136:245\u201363.","journal-title":"Archiv f pathol Anat"},{"key":"159_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2023.108852","volume":"111","author":"T Hongo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hongo T, Jiromaru R, Kuga R, Matsuo M, Oda Y, Nakagawa T. Cholesterol granuloma of the anterior mediastinum: a case report and literature review. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2023;111:108852.","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"159_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.4081\/rt.2012.e47","volume":"4","author":"TF Ezzat","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ezzat TF, Alowami S. Cholesterol granuloma of the anterior mediastinum with osseous metaplasia. Rare Tumors. 2012;4:e47.","journal-title":"Rare Tumors"},{"key":"159_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/00015458.2020.1816672","volume":"122","author":"B Hendrikx","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hendrikx B, Lauwers P, Broeckx G, Snoeckx A, Van Schil P. Cholesterol granuloma mimicking an anterior mediastinal tumor\u2013a case report. Acta Chir Belg. 2022;122:260\u20131.","journal-title":"Acta Chir Belg"},{"key":"159_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.5761\/atcs.cr.21-00198","volume":"29","author":"M Suzuki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Suzuki M, Horio H, Yamada A, Shimizu R, Shima T, Harada M, et al. Multifocal cholesterol granulomas of the thymus: a case report of positron emission tomography-positive benign tumor of the anterior mediastinum. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2023;29:103\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"159_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.21037\/med-20-46","volume":"4","author":"T Takeda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Takeda T, Eguchi T, Koike S, Koyama T, Matsuoka S, Miura K, et al. Growing thymic granuloma adjacent to a thymic cyst mimicking malignancy: a case report. Mediastinum. 2020;4:28.","journal-title":"Mediastinum"}],"container-title":["General Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Cases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s44215-024-00159-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s44215-024-00159-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s44215-024-00159-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T09:15:17Z","timestamp":1724404517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gtcscases.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s44215-024-00159-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s44215-024-00159-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2731-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Board for Clinical Studies of Osaka University (control number: 10026\u20133).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"A written informed consent was obtained from the patient for the publication of this case report and accompanying images.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"36"}}