{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:58:16Z","timestamp":1785527896336,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Glob. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Violent conflict can affect worker\u2019s mental health and labor productivity, with implications for agricultural production and food security. Hired farm workers are particularly vulnerable because they often rely on daily wages, have limited assets, and face insecure employment, yet evidence on how conflict affects their mental health and productivity remains limited. This study examines the associations between conflict exposure, mental health, and labor productivity among hired farm workers in Myanmar.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional phone survey of 1,504 hired farm workers across Myanmar. The survey collected information on workers\u2019 demographic characteristics, work activities during the past 12 months, absenteeism, self-reported labor productivity (presenteeism), agricultural labor market conditions, job characteristics, job and life satisfaction, mental health, workplace harassment, and access to information. These primary survey data were matched with conflict event data from the Armed Conflict Location &amp; Event Data (ACLED). Mediation analysis was used to examine whether mental health mediates the relationship between conflict exposure and labor productivity outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 39% of workers were exposed to conflict and 20% met the criteria for trauma. Compared with non-exposed workers, conflict-exposed workers were more likely to experience trauma (27% vs. 17%), more frequently absent from work (28% vs. 23%), and reported lower work performance (7.0 vs. 7.4). In multivariable mediation analyses, conflict exposure was associated with a 7-percentage-point higher likelihood of absenteeism and a 0.15-point lower work performance score. Trauma significantly mediated these associations, increasing the total association between conflict exposure and absenteeism by approximately 18%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings highlight the need for greater research and policy attention to the socio-psychological implications of conflict, which can erode labor productivity. They also reinforce the case for increased investment in mental health interventions, which have been severely reduced amid widespread budget cuts despite their potentially high cost-effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s44263-026-00307-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T11:40:17Z","timestamp":1785325217000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Conflict, mental health, and labor productivity: evidence from hired farm workers in Myanmar"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Laitha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Fabry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Minten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva-Marie","family":"Meemken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"307_CR1","unstructured":"IEP. Global Peace Index 2023: Measuring peace in a complex world. Sydney: Institute for Economics & Peace; 2023 Jun."},{"issue":"8","key":"307_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-021-00327-4","volume":"2","author":"W De Anderson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anderson W, Taylor C, McDermid S, Ilboudo-N\u00e9bi\u00e9 E, Seager R, Schlenker W, et al. Violent conflict exacerbated drought-related food insecurity between 2009 and 2019 in sub-Saharan Africa. Nat Food. 2021;2(8):603\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43016-021-00327-4","journal-title":"Nat Food"},{"issue":"5","key":"307_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-023-01068-x","volume":"6","author":"O De Shumilova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shumilova O, Tockner K, Sukhodolov A, Khilchevskyi V, De Meester L, Stepanenko S, et al. Impact of the Russia\u2013Ukraine armed conflict on water resources and water infrastructure. Nat Sustain. 2023;6(5):578\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41893-023-01068-x","journal-title":"Nat Sustain"},{"key":"307_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2023.102526","volume":"119","author":"KA Abay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abay KA, Tafere K, Berhane G, Chamberlin J, Abay MH. Near-real-time welfare and livelihood impacts of an active war: Evidence from Ethiopia. Food Policy. 2023;119:102526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodpol.2023.102526","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"307_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messer E, Cohen MJ. Conflict, food insecurity, and globalization: An update 20 years on. In: Advances in Food Security and Sustainability [Internet]. Elsevier; 2023 [cited 2024 Mar 18]. p. 287\u2013345. Available from: https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2452263523000083 doi:10.1016\/bs.af2s.2023.08.001","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.af2s.2023.08.001"},{"issue":"10194","key":"307_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30934-1","volume":"394","author":"F van Charlson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Charlson F, van Ommeren M, Flaxman A, Cornett J, Whiteford H, Saxena S. New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019;394(10194):240\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30934-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"307_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e469","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(22)00061-5","volume":"7","author":"C Mesa-Vieira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mesa-Vieira C, Haas AD, Buitrago-Garcia D, Roa-Diaz ZM, Minder B, Gamba M, et al. Mental health of migrants with pre-migration exposure to armed conflict: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2022;7(5):e469\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(22)00061-5","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"307_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bratti M, Mendola M, Miranda A. Hard to forget: The long-lasting impact of war on mental health. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). 2015;IZA DP9269.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2655309"},{"issue":"1","key":"307_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psycom.2022.100025","volume":"2","author":"M Favara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Favara M, Hittmeyer A, Porter C, Singhal S, Woldehanna T. Young people, mental health, and civil conflict: Preliminary findings from Ethiopia\u2019s Tigray region. Psychiatry Res Commun. 2022;2(1):100025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psycom.2022.100025","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"307_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-024-00336-9","volume":"2","author":"A Nickerson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nickerson A, Mai V, Keegan D, Willoughby C, Humphreys K, Im JJY, et al. A systematic review of protective and promotive factors in refugee mental health. Nat Mental Health. 2024;2(11):1415\u201328. https:\/\/10.1038\/s44220-024-00336-9","journal-title":"Nat Mental Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"307_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1132","volume":"302","author":"Z van Steel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Steel Z, Chey T, Silove D, Marnane C, Bryant RA, van Ommeren M. Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009;302(5):537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2009.1132","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"307_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-023-00017-z","volume":"1","author":"FS McEwen","year":"2023","unstructured":"McEwen FS, Biazoli CE, Popham CM, Moghames P, Saab D, Fayyad J, Karam E, Bosqui T, Pluess M. Prevalence and predictors of mental health problems in refugee children living in informal settlements in Lebanon. Nat Mental Health. 2023;1(2):135\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44220-023-00017-z","journal-title":"Nat Mental Health"},{"key":"307_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2018.08.015","volume":"113","author":"A Moya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moya A, Carter MR. Violence and the formation of hopelessness: Evidence from internally displaced persons in Colombia. World Dev. 2019;113:100\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2018.08.015","journal-title":"World Dev"},{"key":"307_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2023.101234","volume":"49","author":"O Fadare","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fadare O, Zanello G, Srinivasan C. Stressor or succour? Examining the association between conflict, livestock assets, and farmers\u2019 mental health in Nigeria. Econ Hum Biology. 2023;49:101234. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ehb.2023.101234","journal-title":"Econ Hum Biology"},{"key":"307_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106878","volume":"158","author":"S Van Den Fuhrimann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fuhrimann S, Van Den Brenk I, Atuhaire A, Mubeezi R, Staudacher P, Huss A, Kromhout H. Recent pesticide exposure affects sleep: A cross-sectional study among smallholder farmers in Uganda. Environ Int. 2022;158:106878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106878","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"307_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singhal S, Tarp F. Commodity price volatility and the psychological well-being of farmers. American J Agri Economics. 2024;ajae.12468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajae.12468","DOI":"10.1111\/ajae.12468"},{"issue":"13","key":"307_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1177\/13591053231207693","volume":"29","author":"YM Bayer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bayer YM, Shtudiner Z. Sirens of stress: Financial risk, time preferences, and post-traumatic stress disorder: Evidence from the Israel-Hamas Conflict. J Health Psychol. 2024;29(13):1489\u2013502.","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"307_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baingana F, Dabalen A, Menye E, Prywes M, Rosholm M. Mental health and socio-economic outcomes in Burundi. World Bank. 2004;Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) discussion paper. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/13653","DOI":"10.1596\/13653"},{"issue":"3","key":"307_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/13600810903108321","volume":"37","author":"T Br\u00fcck","year":"2009","unstructured":"Br\u00fcck T, Schindler K. The impact of violent conflicts on households: What do we know and what should we know about war widows? Oxf Dev Stud. 2009;37(3):289\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13600810903108321","journal-title":"Oxf Dev Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"307_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jce.2015.05.001","volume":"44","author":"A Islam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Islam A, Ouch C, Smyth R, Wang LC. The long-term effects of civil conflicts on education, earnings, and fertility: Evidence from Cambodia. J Comp Econ. 2016;44(3):800\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jce.2015.05.001","journal-title":"J Comp Econ"},{"key":"307_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.07.020","volume":"96","author":"EAM Searing","year":"2013","unstructured":"Searing EAM, Rios-Avila F, Lecy JD. The impact of psychological trauma on wages in post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina. Soc Sci Med. 2013;96:165\u201373. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.07.020","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"307_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3694","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20211616","volume":"112","author":"R Hussam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hussam R, Kelley EM, Lane G, Zahra F. The psychosocial value of employment: Evidence from a refugee camp. Am Econ Rev. 2022;112(11):3694\u2013724.","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev"},{"key":"307_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2013.06.007","volume":"42","author":"A D\u2019Souza","year":"2013","unstructured":"D\u2019Souza A, Jolliffe D. Conflict, food price shocks, and food insecurity: The experience of Afghan households. Food Policy. 2013;42:32\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodpol.2013.06.007","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"307_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11150-009-9081-6","volume":"9","author":"SH Miaari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Miaari SH, Sauer RM. The labor market costs of conflict: closures, foreign workers, and Palestinian employment and earnings. Rev Econ Househ. 2011;9(1):129\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11150-009-9081-6","journal-title":"Rev Econ Househ"},{"key":"307_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2017.05.001","volume":"46","author":"M Bubonya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bubonya M, Cobb-Clark DA, Wooden M. Mental health and productivity at work: Does what you do matter? Labour Econ. 2017;46:150\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.labeco.2017.05.001","journal-title":"Labour Econ"},{"issue":"1","key":"307_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-012-0526-5","volume":"48","author":"SA Chong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chong SA, Vaingankar JA, Abdin E, Subramaniam M. Mental disorders: employment and work productivity in Singapore. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013;48(1):117\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-012-0526-5","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"307_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.23.3135","volume":"289","author":"WF Stewart","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Hahn SR, Morganstein D. Cost of lost productive work time among US workers with depression. JAMA. 2003;289(23):3135\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.289.23.3135","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"307_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13030-020-00183-x","volume":"14","author":"K Toyoshima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Toyoshima K, Inoue T, Shimura A, Masuya J, Ichiki M, Fujimura Y, Kusumi I. Associations between the depressive symptoms, subjective cognitive function, and presenteeism of Japanese adult workers: a cross-sectional survey study. Biopsychosoc Med. 2020;14(1):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13030-020-00183-x","journal-title":"Biopsychosoc Med"},{"key":"307_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Christensen M. Healthy Individuals in Healthy Organizations: The happy productive worker hypothesis. In: Christensen M, Saksvik P\u00d8, Karanika-Murray M, editors. The Positive Side of Occupational Health Psychology [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017 [cited 2024 Apr 17]. p. 155\u201369. Available from: http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-66781-2_13 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-66781-2_13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66781-2_13"},{"issue":"1","key":"307_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-019-00074-1","volume":"21","author":"CH DiMaria","year":"2020","unstructured":"DiMaria CH, Peroni C, Sarracino F. Happiness matters: Productivity gains from subjective well-being. J Happiness Stud. 2020;21(1):139\u201360. https:\/\/10.1007\/s10902-019-00074-1","journal-title":"J Happiness Stud"},{"key":"307_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Cort\u00e9s R, Espin A, P\u00e9rez-Alenda S, L\u00f3pez-Bueno R, Cruz-Montecinos C, Vincents-Seeberg KG, P\u00fcschel TA, Calatayud J, Andersen LL. Association between pain coping and symptoms of anxiety and depression, and work absenteeism in people with upper limb musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2023;S0003999323004094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.07.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.07.003"},{"key":"307_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.03.034","volume":"180","author":"T Suzuki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Suzuki T, Miyaki K, Song Y, Tsutsumi A, Kawakami N, Shimazu A, Takahashi M, Inoue A, Kurioka S. Relationship between sickness presenteeism (WHO\u2013HPQ) with depression and sickness absence due to mental disease in a cohort of Japanese workers. J Affect Disord. 2015;180:14\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2015.03.034","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"307_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-022-00761-w","volume":"21","author":"C De Oliveira","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Oliveira C, Saka M, Bone L, Jacobs R. The role of mental health on workplace productivity: A critical review of the literature. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2023;21(2):167\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40258-022-00761-w","journal-title":"Appl Health Econ Health Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"307_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2016-104015","volume":"74","author":"SB Harvey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harvey SB, Modini M, Joyce S, Milligan-Saville JS, Tan L, Mykletun A, Bryant RA, Christensen H, Mitchell PB. Can work make you mentally ill? A systematic meta-review of work-related risk factors for common mental health problems. Occup Environ Med. 2017;74(4):301\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2016-104015","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"307_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2023.100998","volume":"34","author":"A Khalid","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khalid A, Syed J. Mental health and well-being at work: A systematic review of literature and directions for future research. Hum Resource Manage Rev. 2024;34(1):100998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrmr.2023.100998","journal-title":"Hum Resource Manage Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"307_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-024-01002-0","volume":"5","author":"EM Meemken","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meemken EM, Charlton D, Christiaensen L, Maertens M, Oya C, Reardon T, Stemmler H. Better data for decent work in the global food system. Nat Food. 2024;5(6):454\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43016-024-01002-0","journal-title":"Nat Food"},{"key":"307_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meemken E, Aremu O, Fabry A, Heepen C, Illien P, Kammer M, Laitha A. Policy for decent work in agriculture. Agricultural Economics. 2025;e70009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/agec.70009","DOI":"10.1111\/agec.70009"},{"issue":"1","key":"307_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1093\/ajae\/aaz039","volume":"102","author":"J George","year":"2020","unstructured":"George J, Adelaja A, Weatherspoon D. Armed conflicts and food insecurity: Evidence from Boko Haram\u2019s Attacks. Am J Agri Econ. 2020;102(1):114\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajae\/aaz039","journal-title":"Am J Agri Econ"},{"key":"307_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107296","volume":"203","author":"B Davis","year":"2026","unstructured":"Davis B, Mane E, Gurbuzer LY, Caivano G, Piedrahita N, Schneider K, Azhar N, Benali M, Chaudhary N, Rivera R, Ambikapathi R, Winters P, Boero V, Laske E. A new estimate for global and country-level employment in agrifood systems. World Dev. 2026;203:107296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107296","journal-title":"World Dev"},{"key":"307_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martin P. Labor in agriculture. In: The prosperity paradox [Internet]. 1st ed. Oxford University PressOxford; 2020 [cited 2024 Dec 19]. p. 7\u201315. Available from: https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/32059\/chapter\/267865359 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780198867845.003.0002","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198867845.003.0002"},{"key":"307_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Doss C, Gottlieb C. Gendered patterns of labor in agriculture. Agricultural Economics. 2025 Mar 12;agec.70012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/agec.70012","DOI":"10.1111\/agec.70012"},{"key":"307_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2024.100821","volume":"44","author":"P Ronzani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ronzani P, Stojetz W, Azzarri C, Nico G, Mane E, Br\u00fcck T. Armed conflict and gendered participation in agrifood systems: Survey evidence from 29 African countries. Global Food Secur. 2025;44:100821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gfs.2024.100821","journal-title":"Global Food Secur"},{"key":"307_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gibbs A, Corboz J, Chirwa E, Mann C, Karim F, Shafiq M, Mecagni A, Maxwell-Jones C, Noble E, Jewkes R. The impacts of combined social and economic empowerment training on intimate partner violence, depression, gender norms and livelihoods among women: an individually randomised controlled trial and qualitative study in Afghanistan. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5(3):e001946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001946","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001946"},{"issue":"8","key":"307_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801218805587","volume":"25","author":"SR Meyer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meyer SR, Robinson WC, Branchini C, Abshir N, Mar AA, Decker MR. Gender differences in violence and other human rights abuses among migrant workers on the Thailand\u2013Myanmar border. Violence Against Women. 2019;25(8):945\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801218805587","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"issue":"2","key":"307_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt057","volume":"129","author":"C Blattman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Blattman C, Fiala N, Martinez S. Generating skilled self-employment in developing countries: Experimental evidence from Uganda. Q J Econ. 2014;129(2):697\u2013752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qje\/qjt057","journal-title":"Q J Econ"},{"key":"307_CR46","unstructured":"OCHA. Myanmar Humanitarian Update No. 43 | Reflecting on 2024 and preparing for 2025 [Internet]. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA); 2025 Mar. Report no.: 43. Available from: https:\/\/www.unocha.org\/publications\/report\/myanmar\/myanmar-humanitarian-update-no-43-reflecting-2024-and-preparing-2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"307_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03068374.2021.1886429","volume":"52","author":"N Kipgen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kipgen N. The 2020 Myanmar election and the 2021 coup: Deepening democracy or widening division. Asian Affairs. 2021;52(1):1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03068374.2021.1886429","journal-title":"Asian Affairs"},{"key":"307_CR48","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya R. Myanmar has had anti-junta uprisings before. The spring revolution is different. The Diplomat [Internet]. 2023 Oct 27 [cited 2023 Nov 17]. Available from: https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2023\/10\/myanmar-has-had-anti-junta-uprisings-before-the-spring-revolution-is-different\/"},{"key":"307_CR49","unstructured":"MAPSA. The precarious situation of agricultural wage laborers in Myanmar [Internet]. Washington, D.C: International Food Policy Research Institute; 2022 [cited 2023 Feb 10]. Report no.: 85. Available from: https:\/\/ebrary.ifpri.org\/digital\/collection\/p15738coll2\/id\/136432"},{"key":"307_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boughton D, Headey D, Mahrt K, Cho A, Diao X, Lambrecht I, Minten B, Goeb J, Masias I, Belton B, Aung N, San CC. Double jeopardy: COVID-19, coup d\u2019\u00e9tat and poverty in Myanmar. Applied Eco Perspectives Pol. 2023;aepp.13390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aepp.13390","DOI":"10.1002\/aepp.13390"},{"issue":"7","key":"307_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003030","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003030","volume":"5","author":"N Angrist","year":"2020","unstructured":"Angrist N, Bergman P, Evans DK, Hares S, Jukes MCH, Letsomo T. Practical lessons for phone-based assessments of learning. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5(7):e003030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003030","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"307_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/jid.1771","volume":"24","author":"B Dillon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dillon B. Using mobile phones to collect panel data in developing countries. J Int Dev. 2012;24(4):518\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jid.1771","journal-title":"J Int Dev"},{"key":"307_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.18148\/SRM\/2019.V13I3.7375","volume":"13","author":"CQ Lau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lau CQ, Cronberg A, Marks L, Amaya A. In search of the optimal mode for mobile phone surveys in developing countries. A Comparison of IVR, SMS, and CATI in Nigeria. Surv Res Methods. 2019;13:305\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18148\/SRM\/2019.V13I3.7375","journal-title":"Surv Res Methods"},{"key":"307_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2021.102153","volume":"105","author":"S Gourlay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gourlay S, Kilic T, Martuscelli A, Wollburg P, Zezza A, Viewpoint. High-frequency phone surveys on COVID-19: Good practices, open questions. Food Policy. 2021;105:102153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodpol.2021.102153","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"307_CR55","unstructured":"MAPSA. Myanmar Agricultural Performance Survey Round Five: Note on sample characteristics and weighting [Data Paper] [Internet]. Washington, D.C: International Food Policy Research Institute; 2025 Jun. Available from: https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10568\/175362"},{"issue":"12","key":"307_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0296292","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296292","volume":"18","author":"I Van Lambrecht","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lambrecht I, Van Asselt J, Headey D, Minten B, Meza P, Sabai M, Sun TS, Win HE. Can phone surveys be representative in low- and middle-income countries? An application to Myanmar. Sarker MNI, editor. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(12):e0296292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296292","journal-title":"Sarker MNI, editor"},{"issue":"5","key":"307_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1177\/0022343310378914","volume":"47","author":"C Raleigh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Raleigh C, Linke A, Hegre H, Karlsen J, Introducing ACLED. An Armed Conflict Location and Event dataset: Special data feature. J Peace Res. 2010;47(5):651\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022343310378914","journal-title":"J Peace Res"},{"key":"307_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2017.11.001","volume":"131","author":"A Moya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moya A. Violence, psychological trauma, and risk attitudes: Evidence from victims of violence in Colombia. J Dev Econ. 2018;131:15\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2017.11.001","journal-title":"J Dev Econ"},{"issue":"1","key":"307_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.1.123","volume":"104","author":"M Callen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Callen M, Isaqzadeh M, Long JD, Sprenger C. Violence and risk preference: Experimental evidence from Afghanistan. Am Econ Rev. 2014;104(1):123\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aer.104.1.123","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"307_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.2.941","volume":"102","author":"MJ Voors","year":"2012","unstructured":"Voors MJ, Nillesen EEM, Verwimp P, Bulte EH, Lensink R, Soest DPV. Violent conflict and behavior: A field experiment in Burundi. Am Econ Rev. 2012;102(2):941\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aer.102.2.941","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev"},{"key":"307_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steinh\u00fcbel L, Minten B. Urban proximity, conflict, and agricultural development: Evidence from Myanmar [Internet]. Washington, D.C: International Food Policy Research Institute; 2023 [cited 2024 Oct 25]. Report Myanmar SSP Working Paper 39. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2499\/p15738coll2.136807.","DOI":"10.2499\/p15738coll2.136807."},{"key":"307_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Minten B, Goeb J, Van Asselt J, Aung ZW. In good times and in bad, in sickness and in health: the continuous rise in adoption of labour-saving agricultural technologies in Myanmar. The Journal of Development Studies. 2024;1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00220388.2024.2401407","DOI":"10.1080\/00220388.2024.2401407"},{"key":"307_CR63","unstructured":"ACLED. ACLED Conflict Severity Index: A new measure of the complexities of conflict. Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project; 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"307_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706008658","volume":"37","author":"JTR Walters","year":"2007","unstructured":"Walters JTR, Bisson JI, Shepherd JP. Predicting post-traumatic stress disorder: Validation of the Trauma Screening Questionnaire in victims of assault. Psychol Med. 2007;37(1):143\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291706008658","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"307_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.181.2.158","volume":"181","author":"CR Brewin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brewin CR, Rose S, Andrews B, Green J, Tata P, McEvedy C, Turner S, Foa EB. Brief screening instrument for post-traumatic stress disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;181(2):158\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.181.2.158","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"307_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.148486","volume":"206","author":"PAJM De Bont","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Bont PAJM, Van Den Berg DPG, Van Der Vleugel BM, De Roos C, De Jongh A, Van Der Gaag M, Van Minnen A. Predictive validity of the Trauma Screening Questionnaire in detecting post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with psychotic disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;206(5):408\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.148486","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"307_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2008.02.007","volume":"22","author":"KA De Olsson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Olsson KA, Kenardy JA, De Young AC, Spence SH. Predicting children\u2019s post-traumatic stress symptoms following hospitalization for accidental injury: Combining the Child Trauma Screening Questionnaire and heart rate. J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22(8):1447\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2008.02.007","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"307_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mouthaan J, Sijbrandij M, Reitsma JB, Gersons BPR, Olff M. Comparing screening instruments to predict Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Seedat S, editor. PLoS ONE. 2014 May 9;9(5):e97183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0097183","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097183"},{"key":"307_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.4dfb.8dfd","volume":"2","author":"M Tavakol","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tavakol M, Dennick R. Making sense of Cronbach\u2019s alpha. Int J Med Educ. 2011;2:53\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5116\/ijme.4dfb.8dfd","journal-title":"Int J Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"307_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8209-8","volume":"20","author":"WT Aye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aye WT, Lien L, Stigum H, Win HH, Oo T, Bjertness E. The prevalence of mental distress and the association with education: a cross-sectional study of 18-49-year-old citizens of Yangon Region, Myanmar. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-8209-8","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"307_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191119860910","volume":"28","author":"B Schmalbach","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schmalbach B, Zenger M, Tibubos AN, Kliem S, Petrowski K, Br\u00e4hler E. Psychometric properties of two brief versions of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist: HSCL-5 and HSCL-10. Assessment. 2021;28(2):617\u201331. https:\/\/10.1177\/1073191119860910","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"1","key":"307_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-8-59","volume":"8","author":"HR Syed","year":"2008","unstructured":"Syed HR, Zachrisson HD, Dalgard OS, Dalen I, Ahlberg N. Concordance between Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-10) and Pakistan Anxiety and Depression Questionnaire (PADQ), in a rural self-motivated population in Pakistan. BMC Psychiatry. 2008;8(1):59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-244X-8-59","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"307_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johns G. The psychology of lateness, absenteeism, and turnover. In: Handbook of Industrial, Work & Organizational Psychology - Volume 2: Organizational Psychology [Internet]. 1 Oliver\u2019s Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications Ltd; 2001 [cited 2022 Jul 31]. p. 232\u201352. Available from: https:\/\/sk.sagepub.com\/reference\/hdbk_orgpsych2\/n13.xml https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781848608368.n13","DOI":"10.4135\/9781848608368.n13"},{"issue":"4","key":"307_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/job.630","volume":"31","author":"G Johns","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johns G. Presenteeism in the workplace: A review and research agenda: Presenteesim in the workplace. J Organiz Behav. 2010;31(4):519\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/job.630","journal-title":"J Organiz Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"307_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030932","volume":"18","author":"E Gosselin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gosselin E, Lemyre L, Corneil W. Presenteeism and absenteeism: Differentiated understanding of related phenomena. J Occup Health Psychol. 2013;18(1):75\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0030932","journal-title":"J Occup Health Psychol"},{"key":"307_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"AlHeresh R, LaValley MP, Coster W, Keysor JJ. Construct validity and scoring methods of the World Health Organization: Health and Work Performance Questionnaire among workers with arthritis and rheumatological conditions. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine. 2017 Jun;59(6):e112\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001044","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001044"},{"issue":"1","key":"307_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/1059924X.2023.2280085","volume":"29","author":"VB De Siqueira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Siqueira VB, De C\u00e1ssia P, Fernandes R, Carvalho FM. Presenteeism and low work performance among fruit farm workers in Northeast Brazil. J Agromed. 2024;29(1):44\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1059924X.2023.2280085","journal-title":"J Agromed"},{"issue":"4","key":"307_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020761","volume":"15","author":"K Imai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Imai K, Keele L, Tingley D. A general approach to causal mediation analysis. Psychol Methods. 2010;15(4):309\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0020761","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"307_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055416000216","volume":"110","author":"A Acharya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Acharya A, Blackwell M, Sen M. Explaining causal findings without bias: detecting and assessing direct effects. Am Polit Sci Rev. 2016;110(3):512\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0003055416000216","journal-title":"Am Polit Sci Rev"},{"issue":"17","key":"307_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24752","volume":"40","author":"S Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang S, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Wang X, Wang X, Cheng B, Luo K, Gong Q. Stress and the brain: Perceived stress mediates the impact of the superior frontal gyrus spontaneous activity on depressive symptoms in late adolescence. Hum Brain Mapp. 2019;40(17):4982\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.24752","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"307_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fabry A, Van den Broeck G, Maertens M. Gender inequality and job satisfaction in Senegal: A multiple mediation model. J Happiness Stud. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10902-022-00498-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-022-00498-2"},{"key":"307_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105089","volume":"135","author":"J Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang J, Mishra AK, Zhu P, Li X. Land rental market and agricultural labor productivity in rural China: A mediation analysis. World Dev. 2020;135:105089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105089","journal-title":"World Dev"},{"issue":"14","key":"307_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1080\/13504851.2024.2332533","volume":"32","author":"Q Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen Q, Qi J, Yan G. Are outcome variables always bad controls? The case of mediating variables. Appl Econ Lett. 2025;32(14):2066\u201370. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13504851.2024.2332533","journal-title":"Appl Econ Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"307_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-021-00432-4","volume":"3","author":"XY Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li XY, Li X, Fan Z, Mi L, Kandakji T, Song Z, Li D, Song XP. Civil war hinders crop production and threatens food security in Syria. Nat Food. 2022;3(1):38\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43016-021-00432-4","journal-title":"Nat Food"},{"issue":"7","key":"307_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720003104","volume":"52","author":"AK Tay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tay AK, Mohsin M, Hau KM, Badrudduza M, Balasundaram S, Morgan K, Parthiban N, Silove D. Variations in prevalence and risk profiles for common mental disorders amongst Rohingya, Chin and Kachin refugees from Myanmar. Psychol Med. 2022;52(7):1306\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291720003104","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"307_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1080\/13600818.2022.2072448","volume":"50","author":"JB Ajefu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ajefu JB, Sonne SEW. The association between terrorist attacks and mental health: evidence from Nigeria. Oxford Development Studies. 2022;50(4):336\u201351.https:\/\/10.1080\/13600818.2022.2072448","journal-title":"Oxford Development Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"307_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000126","volume":"86","author":"AK Tay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tay AK, Rees S, Kareth M, Silove D. Associations of adult separation anxiety disorder with conflict-related trauma, ongoing adversity, and the psychosocial disruptions of mass conflict among West Papuan refugees. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2016;86(2):224\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ort0000126","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"307_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838020915584","volume":"22","author":"AAJ Scoglio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scoglio AAJ, Salhi C. Violence exposure and mental health among resettled refugees: A systematic review. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2021;22(5):1192\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838020915584","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"307_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115321","volume":"326","author":"FS Rossi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rossi FS, Nillni Y, Fox AB, Galovski TE. The association between lifetime trauma exposure typologies and mental health outcomes among veterans. Psychiatry Res. 2023;326:115321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115321","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"307_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.073","volume":"281","author":"H Lynch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lynch H, McDonagh C, Hennessy E. Social anxiety and depression stigma among adolescents. J Affect Disord. 2021;281:744\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.073","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"307_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101414","volume":"22","author":"Y Shen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shen Y. Mental health and labor supply: Evidence from Canada. SSM - Popul Health. 2023;22:101414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101414","journal-title":"SSM - Popul Health"},{"issue":"124","key":"307_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/epolic\/eiaf010","volume":"40","author":"S Anderson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Anderson S, Sviatschi MM. Gender and armed conflict. Economic Policy. 2025;40(124):807\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/epolic\/eiaf010","journal-title":"Economic Policy"},{"key":"307_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2023.103199","volume":"166","author":"E Anderson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anderson E, Lybbert TJ, Shenoy A, Singh R, Stein D. Does survey mode matter? Comparing in-person and phone agricultural surveys in India. J Dev Econ. 2024;166:103199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2023.103199","journal-title":"J Dev Econ"},{"issue":"10","key":"307_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxac153","volume":"152","author":"KA Abay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abay KA, Berhane G, Hoddinott J, Tafere K. Respondent fatigue reduces dietary diversity scores reported from mobile phone surveys in Ethiopia during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Nutr. 2022;152(10):2269\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/nxac153","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"307_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Quisumbing AR, Meinzen-Dick R, Raney TL, Croppenstedt A, Behrman JA, Peterman A. Closing the knowledge gap on gender in agriculture. In: Quisumbing AR, Meinzen-Dick R, Raney TL, Croppenstedt A, Behrman JA, Peterman A, editors. Gender in agriculture [Internet]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2014 [cited 2024 Oct 19]. p. 3\u201327. Available from: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-94-017-8616-4_1 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-017-8616-4_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-8616-4_1"},{"issue":"7","key":"307_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.36","volume":"66","author":"S De Seedat","year":"2009","unstructured":"Seedat S, Scott KM, Angermeyer MC, Berglund P, Bromet EJ, Brugha TS, Demyttenaere K, De Girolamo G, Haro JM, Jin R, Karam EG, Kovess-Masfety V, Levinson D, Medina Mora ME, Ono Y, Ormel J, Pennell BE, Posada-Villa J, Sampson NA, Williams D, Kessler RC .Cross-national associations between gender and mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(7):785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.36","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"307_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Laitha A, Fabry A, Minten B, Meemken EM. Conflict, mental health, and labor productivity: Evidence from hired farm workers in Myanmar [Application\/x-stata-dta]. ETH Zurich; 2026 [cited 2026 Jul 16]. Available from: https:\/\/www.research-collection.ethz.ch\/handle\/20.500.11850\/798894 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3929\/ETHZ-C-000798894","DOI":"10.3929\/ETHZ-C-000798894"}],"container-title":["BMC Global and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s44263-026-00307-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s44263-026-00307-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s44263-026-00307-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:15:28Z","timestamp":1785521728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s44263-026-00307-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s44263-026-00307-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-913X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-913X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Commission of ETH Zurich (EK 2023-N-178; approval granted on 13 September 2023) and the Institutional Review Board of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) (IRB #00007490; Federalwide Assurance #00005121; approval granted on 9 October 2023). All participants provided informed consent before participating in the survey. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"72"}}