{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T23:50:11Z","timestamp":1793404211847,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cardiovasc Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), conferring a markedly increased risk of thromboembolic events. Conventional risk stratification tools such as the CHA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>DS<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-VASc (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age\u2009\u2265\u200975\u00a0years [doubled], diabetes mellitus, prior stroke or transient ischemic attack [doubled], vascular disease, age 65\u201374\u00a0years, female sex) score are often insufficient to predict thromboembolic events in patients with HCM and AF, as thromboembolic risk in HCM is driven by disease-specific structural, functional, and prothrombotic substrates. This review synthesizes current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and clinical impact of AF and thromboembolism in HCM. We discuss variable imaging modalities\u2014including strain echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, and cardiac computed tomography\u2014that offer enhanced characterization of atrial remodeling and thromboembolic risk in patients with HCM. Furthermore, we outline current guideline-based anticoagulation strategies, the evolving role of direct oral anticoagulants, and adjunctive therapies such as left atrial appendage occlusion and catheter ablation. A comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach that incorporates advanced imaging, molecular profiling, and individualized management is ideal to optimize outcomes and reduce stroke burden in patients with HCM and AF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s44348-025-00057-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T06:50:34Z","timestamp":1756104634000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Atrial fibrillation and thromboembolic risk in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"You-Jung","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neal K.","family":"Lakdawala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"57_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.44.4.433","volume":"44","author":"MG St John Sutton","year":"1980","unstructured":"St John Sutton MG, Lie JT, Anderson KR, O\u2019Brien PC, Frye RL. Histopathological specificity of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: myocardial fibre disarray and myocardial fibrosis. Br Heart J. 1980;44:433\u201343.","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"57_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.20.1.1","volume":"20","author":"D Teare","year":"1958","unstructured":"Teare D. Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart in young adults. Br Heart J. 1958;20:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"57_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(79)90139-5","volume":"43","author":"BJ Maron","year":"1979","unstructured":"Maron BJ, Epstein SE, Roberts WC. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and transmural myocardial infarction without significant atherosclerosis of the extramural coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol. 1979;43:1086\u2013102.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.01.019","volume":"65","author":"C Semsarian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Semsarian C, Ingles J, Maron MS, Maron BJ. New perspectives on the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:1249\u201354.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.4.785","volume":"92","author":"BJ Maron","year":"1995","unstructured":"Maron BJ, Gardin JM, Flack JM, Gidding SS, Kurosaki TT, Bild DE. Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a general population of young adults: echocardiographic analysis of 4111 subjects in the CARDIA study. Coronary artery risk development in (young) adults. Circulation. 1995;92:785\u20139.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"57_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.02.061","volume":"65","author":"BJ Maron","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maron BJ, Rowin EJ, Casey SA, Link MS, Lesser JR, Chan RH, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in adulthood associated with low cardiovascular mortality with contemporary management strategies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:1915\u201328.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13983","volume":"9","author":"K Sugiura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sugiura K, Kubo T, Ochi Y, Miyagawa K, Baba Y, Noguchi T, et al. Very long-term prognosis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a longitudinal study with a period of 20 years. ESC Heart Fail. 2022;9:2618\u201325.","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"57_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2022.0159","volume":"52","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee HJ, Kim J, Chang SA, Kim YJ, Kim HK, Lee SC. Major clinical issues in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Korean Circ J. 2022;52:563\u201375.","journal-title":"Korean Circ J"},{"key":"57_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2013-304276","volume":"100","author":"OP Guttmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guttmann OP, Rahman MS, O\u2019Mahony C, Anastasakis A, Elliott PM. Atrial fibrillation and thromboembolism in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: systematic review. Heart. 2014;100:465\u201372.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"57_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029267","volume":"136","author":"EJ Rowin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rowin EJ, Hausvater A, Link MS, Abt P, Gionfriddo W, Wang W, et al. Clinical profile and consequences of atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2017;136:2420\u201336.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"57_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01727-2","volume":"39","author":"BJ Maron","year":"2002","unstructured":"Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Bellone P, Conte MR, Cecchi F, Flygenring BP, et al. Clinical profile of stroke in 900 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:301\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4601.097997","volume":"104","author":"I Olivotto","year":"2001","unstructured":"Olivotto I, Cecchi F, Casey SA, Dolara A, Traverse JH, Maron BJ. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2001;104:2517\u201324.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"57_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.034213","volume":"53","author":"L Fauchier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fauchier L, Bisson A, Bodin A, Herbert J, Spiesser P, Pierre B, et al. Ischemic stroke in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy according to presence or absence of atrial fibrillation. Stroke. 2022;53:497\u2013504.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"57_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.08.038","volume":"273","author":"YJ Choi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Choi YJ, Choi EK, Han KD, Jung JH, Park J, Lee E, et al. Temporal trends of the prevalence and incidence of atrial fibrillation and stroke among Asian patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a nationwide population-based study. Int J Cardiol. 2018;273:130\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1676818","volume":"119","author":"H Jung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jung H, Yang PS, Sung JH, Jang E, Yu HT, Kim TH, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in patients with atrial fibrillation: prevalence and associated stroke risks in a nationwide cohort study. Thromb Haemost. 2019;119:285\u201393.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"57_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-19-0936","volume":"84","author":"A Hohneck","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hohneck A, Overhoff D, Doesch C, Sandberg R, Rudic B, Tueluemen E, et al. Extent of late gadolinium enhancement predicts thromboembolic events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2020;84:754\u201362.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"57_CR17","first-page":"1380","volume":"10","author":"IU Haq","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haq IU, Akhiyat N, Al-Shakarchi N, Siontis KC, Mulpuru SK, Sugrue A, et al. Atrial fibrillation substrate and catheter ablation outcomes in MYBPC3- and MYH7-mediated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology. 2024;10:1380\u201391.","journal-title":"JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology"},{"key":"57_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(95)00049-A","volume":"25","author":"K Yamamoto","year":"1995","unstructured":"Yamamoto K, Ikeda U, Furuhashi K, Irokawa M, Nakayama T, Shimada K. The coagulation system is activated in idiopathic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:1634\u201340.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-023-01642-5","volume":"67","author":"DR Burczak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Burczak DR, Scott CG, Julakanti RR, Kara Balla A, Swain WH, Ismail K, et al. Persistence of left atrial thrombus in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2024;67:731\u20138.","journal-title":"J Interv Card Electrophysiol"},{"key":"57_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad194","volume":"44","author":"E Arbelo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arbelo E, Protonotarios A, Gimeno JR, Arbustini E, Barriales-Villa R, Basso C, et al. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J. 2023;44:3503\u2013626.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"57_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1239","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001250","volume":"149","author":"SR Ommen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ommen SR, Ho CY, Asif IM, Balaji S, Burke MA, Day SM, et al. 2024 AHA\/ACC\/AMSSM\/HRS\/PACES\/SCMR guideline for the management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American Heart Association\/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2024;149:e1239\u2013311.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"57_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001002","volume":"3","author":"KC Siontis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Siontis KC, Geske JB, Ong K, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Gersh BJ. Atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevalence, clinical correlations, and mortality in a large high-risk population. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3: e001002.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"57_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.065037","volume":"148","author":"EJ Rowin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rowin EJ, Link MS, Maron MS, Maron BJ. Evolving contemporary management of atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2023;148:1797\u2013811.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"57_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hjc.2017.01.027","volume":"58","author":"T Zegkos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zegkos T, Efthimiadis GK, Parcharidou DG, Gossios TD, Giannakoulas G, Ntelios D, et al. Atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a turning point towards increased morbidity and mortality. Hellenic J Cardiol. 2017;58:331\u20139.","journal-title":"Hellenic J Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euae218","volume":"26","author":"T Ito","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ito T, Noda T, Nochioka K, Shiroto T, Yamamoto N, Sato H, et al. Clinical impact of atrial fibrillation progression in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a report from the CHART-2 study. Europace. 2024;26: euae218.","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"57_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euz339","volume":"22","author":"RR De With","year":"2020","unstructured":"De With RR, Marcos EG, Dudink EA, Spronk HM, Crijns HJ, Rienstra M, et al. Atrial fibrillation progression risk factors and associated cardiovascular outcome in well-phenotyped patients: data from the AF-RISK study. Europace. 2020;22:352\u201360.","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"57_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.11.040","volume":"55","author":"CB de Vos","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Vos CB, Pisters R, Nieuwlaat R, Prins MH, Tieleman RG, Coelen RJ, et al. Progression from paroxysmal to persistent atrial fibrillation clinical correlates and prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:725\u201331.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.03.519","volume":"71","author":"JA Wong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wong JA, Conen D, Van Gelder IC, McIntyre WF, Crijns HJ, Wang J, et al. Progression of device-detected subclinical atrial fibrillation and the risk of heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:2603\u201311.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.12.045","volume":"113","author":"BJ Maron","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maron BJ, Haas TS, Maron MS, Lesser JR, Browning JA, Chan RH, et al. Left atrial remodeling in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and susceptibility markers for atrial fibrillation identified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113:1394\u2013400.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1002659","volume":"363","author":"CY Ho","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ho CY, L\u00f3pez B, Coelho-Filho OR, Lakdawala NK, Cirino AL, Jarolim P, et al. Myocardial fibrosis as an early manifestation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:552\u201363.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"57_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-309672","volume":"103","author":"OP Guttmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guttmann OP, Pavlou M, O\u2019Mahony C, Monserrat L, Anastasakis A, Rapezzi C, et al. Predictors of atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2017;103:672\u20138.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"57_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.01.059","volume":"73","author":"L Thomas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thomas L, Marwick TH, Popescu BA, Donal E, Badano LP. Left atrial structure and function, and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:1961\u201377.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2021.06.001","volume":"69","author":"M Efremidis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Efremidis M, Bazoukis G, Vlachos K, Prappa E, Anastasakis A, Megarisiotou A, et al. Atrial substrate characterization in patients with atrial fibrillation and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: evidence for an extensive fibrotic disease. J Electrocardiol. 2021;69:87\u201392.","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"key":"57_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-11-34","volume":"11","author":"T Papavassiliu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Papavassiliu T, Germans T, Fl\u00fcchter S, Doesch C, Suriyakamar A, Haghi D, et al. Cmr findings in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2009;11: 34.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"57_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.12.012","volume":"75","author":"S Pujadas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pujadas S, Vidal-Perez R, Hidalgo A, Leta R, Carreras F, Barros A, et al. Correlation between myocardial fibrosis and the occurrence of atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study. Eur J Radiol. 2010;75:e88-91.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"57_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2018.10.016","volume":"5","author":"S Sivalokanathan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sivalokanathan S, Zghaib T, Greenland GV, Vasquez N, Kudchadkar SM, Kontari E, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation have a high burden of left atrial fibrosis by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2019;5:364\u201375.","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"57_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-023-01533-9","volume":"67","author":"S Zahid","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zahid S, Malik T, Peterson C, Tarabanis C, Dai M, Katz M, et al. Conduction velocity is reduced in the posterior wall of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with normal bipolar voltage undergoing ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2024;67:203\u201310.","journal-title":"J Interv Card Electrophysiol"},{"key":"57_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.16193","volume":"35","author":"D Qi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qi D, Guan X, Liu X, Liu L, Liu Z, Zhang J. Slow conduction velocity predicts atrial fibrillation recurrence after radiofrequency ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2024;35:461\u20138.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"57_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102789","volume":"10","author":"L Santini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Santini L, Coppini R, Cerbai E. Ion channel impairment and myofilament Ca2+ sensitization: two parallel mechanisms underlying arrhythmogenesis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cells. 2021;10:2789.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"57_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.12.067","volume":"45","author":"C Autore","year":"2005","unstructured":"Autore C, Bernab\u00f2 P, Barill\u00e0 CS, Bruzzi P, Spirito P. The prognostic importance of left ventricular outflow obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy varies in relation to the severity of symptoms. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1076\u201380.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.644682","volume":"114","author":"MS Maron","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maron MS, Olivotto I, Zenovich AG, Link MS, Pandian NG, Kuvin JT, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is predominantly a disease of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Circulation. 2006;114:2232\u20139.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"57_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/481245","volume":"2015","author":"LK Williams","year":"2015","unstructured":"Williams LK, Chan RH, Carasso S, Durand M, Misurka J, Crean AM, et al. Effect of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction on left atrial mechanics in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015: 481245.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"57_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.024792","volume":"12","author":"DY Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim DY, Seo J, Cho I, Hong GR, Ha JW, Shim CY. Prognostic implication of mitral valve disease and its progression in east asian patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12: e024792.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"57_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59101798","volume":"59","author":"M Tesic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tesic M, Travica L, Giga V, Jovanovic I, Trifunovic Zamaklar D, Popovic D, et al. Prognostic value of mitral regurgitation in patients with primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59:1798.","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"57_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)01019-6","volume":"36","author":"EH Yu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yu EH, Omran AS, Wigle ED, Williams WG, Siu SC, Rakowski H. Mitral regurgitation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: relationship to obstruction and relief with myectomy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:2219\u201325.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.15370","volume":"39","author":"T Zegkos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zegkos T, Kamperidis V, Gossios T, Ntelios D, Parcharidou D, Papanastasiou CA, et al. Mitral regurgitation impact on left atrial myopathy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography. 2022;39:819\u201326.","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"57_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-008-9005-5","volume":"16","author":"R Sciagr\u00e0","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sciagr\u00e0 R, Sotgia B, Olivotto I, Cecchi F, Nistri S, Camici PG, et al. Relationship between atrial fibrillation and blunted hyperemic myocardial blood flow in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Cardiol. 2009;16:92\u20136.","journal-title":"J Nucl Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-009-9142-5","volume":"2","author":"F Cecchi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cecchi F, Sgalambro A, Baldi M, Sotgia B, Antoniucci D, Camici PG, et al. Microvascular dysfunction, myocardial ischemia, and progression to heart failure in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2009;2:452\u201361.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Transl Res"},{"key":"57_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4250\/jcu.2016.24.3.239","volume":"24","author":"GH Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim GH, Kim CM, Jang BH, Lee HH, Hong S, Eum SH, et al. Findings of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy after 16 years. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2016;24:239\u201342.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Ultrasound"},{"key":"57_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.7.1954","volume":"92","author":"MC Wijffels","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wijffels MC, Kirchhof CJ, Dorland R, Allessie MA. Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation: a study in awake chronically instrumented goats. Circulation. 1995;92:1954\u201368.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"57_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2010.08.016","volume":"23","author":"S Yakar Tuluce","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yakar Tuluce S, Kayikcioglu M, Tuluce K, Yilmaz MG, Ozdogan O, Ayd\u0131n M, et al. Assessment of left atrial appendage function during sinus rhythm in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: transesophageal echocardiography and tissue doppler study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23:1207\u201316.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"57_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.223834","volume":"108","author":"CE Seidman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Seidman CE, Seidman JG. Identifying sarcomere gene mutations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a personal history. Circ Res. 2011;108:743\u201350.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"57_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.12.058","volume":"117","author":"C Bongini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bongini C, Ferrantini C, Girolami F, Coppini R, Arretini A, Targetti M, et al. Impact of genotype on the occurrence of atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2016;117:1151\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.005191","volume":"11","author":"SP Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee SP, Ashley EA, Homburger J, Caleshu C, Green EM, Jacoby D, et al. Incident atrial fibrillation is associated with MYH7 sarcomeric gene variation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 2018;11: e005191.","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"57_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2018.07.016","volume":"4","author":"S Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang S, Wilson J, Madani M, Feld G, Greenberg B. Atrial arrhythmias and extensive left atrial fibrosis as the initial presentation of MYH7 gene mutation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;4:1488\u201390.","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"57_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2010.04.021","volume":"7","author":"DJ Milan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Milan DJ, Lubitz SA, K\u00e4\u00e4b S, Ellinor PT. Genome-wide association studies in cardiac electrophysiology: recent discoveries and implications for clinical practice. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7:1141\u20138.","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"57_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.316","volume":"17","author":"OP Guttmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guttmann OP, Pavlou M, O\u2019Mahony C, Monserrat L, Anastasakis A, Rapezzi C, et al. Prediction of thrombo-embolic risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM Risk-CVA). Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:837\u201345.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"57_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2018.11.029","volume":"16","author":"T Tsuda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsuda T, Hayashi K, Fujino N, Konno T, Tada H, Nomura A, et al. Effect of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy on the prediction of thromboembolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16:829\u201337.","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"57_CR59","first-page":"715","volume":"59","author":"PP Dimitrow","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dimitrow PP, Undas A, Bober M, Tracz W, Dubiel JS. Plasma biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pharmacol Rep. 2007;59:715\u201320.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"57_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2007.126896","volume":"94","author":"PP Dimitrow","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dimitrow PP, Undas A, Bober M, Tracz W, Dubiel JS. Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is associated with enhanced thrombin generation and platelet activation. Heart. 2008;94: e21.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"57_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.116.004052","volume":"10","author":"P Debonnaire","year":"2017","unstructured":"Debonnaire P, Joyce E, Hiemstra Y, Mertens BJ, Atsma DE, Schalij MJ, et al. Left atrial size and function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients and risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2017;10: e004052.","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"57_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu284","volume":"35","author":"PM Elliott","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elliott PM, Anastasakis A, Borger MA, Borggrefe M, Cecchi F, Charron P, et al. 2014 ESC guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the task force for the diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2014;35:2733\u201379.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"57_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2004.02.010","volume":"17","author":"T Tani","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tani T, Tanabe K, Ono M, Yamaguchi K, Okada M, Sumida T, et al. Left atrial volume and the risk of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2004;17:644\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"57_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.006","volume":"136","author":"CE Raphael","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raphael CE, Liew AC, Mitchell F, Kanaganayagam GS, Di Pietro E, Newsome S, et al. Predictors and mechanisms of atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2020;136:140\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.120.009796","volume":"14","author":"RT Carrick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carrick RT, Maron MS, Adler A, Wessler B, Hoss S, Chan RH, et al. Development and validation of a clinical predictive model for identifying hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients at risk for atrial fibrillation: the HCM-AF score. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2021;14: e009796.","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"57_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.012130","volume":"47","author":"S Haruki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haruki S, Minami Y, Hagiwara N. Stroke and embolic events in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: risk stratification in patients without atrial fibrillation. Stroke. 2016;47:936\u201342.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"57_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15785","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19895-x","volume":"12","author":"YJ Choi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Choi YJ, Kim B, Rhee TM, Lee HJ, Lee H, Park JB, et al. Augmented risk of ischemic stroke in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients without documented atrial fibrillation. Sci Rep. 2022;12:15785.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"57_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.11.063","volume":"69","author":"EJ Rowin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rowin EJ, Maron BJ, Haas TS, Garberich RF, Wang W, Link MS, et al. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with left ventricular apical aneurysm: implications for risk stratification and management. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:761\u201373.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.781401","volume":"118","author":"MS Maron","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maron MS, Finley JJ, Bos JM, Hauser TH, Manning WJ, Haas TS, et al. Prevalence, clinical significance, and natural history of left ventricular apical aneurysms in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2008;118:1541\u20139.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"57_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.06.053","volume":"98","author":"B Mutlu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mutlu B, Bayrak F, Kahveci G, Degertekin M, Eroglu E, Basaran Y. Usefulness of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide to predict clinical course in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:1504\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.05.031","volume":"218","author":"DW Kehl","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kehl DW, Buttan A, Siegel RJ, Rader F. Clinical utility of natriuretic peptides and troponins in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2016;218:252\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.06.018","volume":"112","author":"R D\u2019Amato","year":"2013","unstructured":"D\u2019Amato R, Tomberli B, Castelli G, Spoladore R, Girolami F, Fornaro A, et al. Prognostic value of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic Peptide in outpatients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112:1190\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-10-0782","volume":"75","author":"T Kubo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kubo T, Kitaoka H, Okawa M, Yamanaka S, Hirota T, Baba Y, et al. Combined measurements of cardiac troponin I and brain natriuretic peptide are useful for predicting adverse outcomes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2011;75:919\u201326.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"57_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2010.07.245","volume":"16","author":"V Moreno","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moreno V, Hern\u00e1ndez-Romero D, Vilchez JA, Garc\u00eda-Honrubia A, Cambronero F, Casas T, et al. Serum levels of high-sensitivity troponin T: a novel marker for cardiac remodeling in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Card Fail. 2010;16:950\u20136.","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"57_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.03.055","volume":"62","author":"T Kubo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kubo T, Kitaoka H, Yamanaka S, Hirota T, Baba Y, Hayashi K, et al. Significance of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:1252\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4250\/jcvi.2022.0053","volume":"31","author":"K Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim K, Lee SD, Lee HJ, Kim H, Kim HR, Cho YH, et al. Role and clinical importance of progressive changes in echocardiographic parameters in predicting outcomes in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023;31:85\u201395.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"57_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2019.01.007","volume":"32","author":"N Vasquez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vasquez N, Ostrander BT, Lu DY, Ventoulis I, Haileselassie B, Goyal S, et al. Low left atrial strain is associated with adverse outcomes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32:593\u2013603.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"57_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.102146","volume":"49","author":"K Hussain","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hussain K, Nso N, Tsourdinis G, Haider S, Mian R, Sanagala T, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of left atrial strain in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and its prognostic utility. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2024;49: 102146.","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.121.013556","volume":"15","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee HJ, Kim HK, Rhee TM, Choi YJ, Hwang IC, Yoon YE, et al. Left atrial reservoir strain-based left ventricular diastolic function grading and incident heart failure in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;15: e013556.","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"57_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S359490","volume":"18","author":"SF Arn\u0103utu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arn\u0103utu SF, Morariu VI, Arn\u0103utu DA, Tomescu MC, Dan TF, Jianu DC. Left atrial strain helps identifying the cardioembolic risk in transient ischemic attacks patients with silent paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2022;18:213\u201322.","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"57_CR81","volume":"15","author":"S Abdelhamid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdelhamid S, Biomy R, Kabil H, Raslan M, Mostafa S. Association of left atrial deformation analysis by speckle tracking echocardiography with left atrial appendage thrombus in patients with primary valvular heart disease. Cureus. 2023;15: e35151.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"57_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4250\/jcu.2013.21.3.152","volume":"21","author":"SP Hong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hong SP, Choi JY, Kim KS. Free floating left atrial thrombus disappearing during echocardiography. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2013;21:152\u20133.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Ultrasound"},{"key":"57_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00472-6","volume":"34","author":"Y Agmon","year":"1999","unstructured":"Agmon Y, Khandheria BK, Gentile F, Seward JB. Echocardiographic assessment of the left atrial appendage. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:1867\u201377.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-7317(99)70105-7","volume":"12","author":"ME Goldman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Goldman ME, Pearce LA, Hart RG, Zabalgoitia M, Asinger RW, Safford R, et al. Pathophysiologic correlates of thromboembolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: I. Reduced flow velocity in the left atrial appendage (the stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation [SPAF-III] study). J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1999;12:1080\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"57_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2013-303884","volume":"100","author":"K Higuchi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Higuchi K, Akkaya M, Akoum N, Marrouche NF. Cardiac MRI assessment of atrial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation: implications for diagnosis and therapy. Heart. 2014;100:590\u20136.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"57_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2010.11.015","volume":"4","author":"AS Flett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Flett AS, Hasleton J, Cook C, Hausenloy D, Quarta G, Ariti C, et al. Evaluation of techniques for the quantification of myocardial scar of differing etiology using cardiac magnetic resonance. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:150\u20136.","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"57_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-12-65","volume":"12","author":"AM Maceira","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maceira AM, Cos\u00edn-Sales J, Roughton M, Prasad SK, Pennell DJ. Reference left atrial dimensions and volumes by steady state free precession cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2010;12: 65.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"57_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-023-03069-2","volume":"23","author":"D Tian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tian D, Zhang J, He Y, Xiong Z, Zhao M, Hu S, et al. Predictive value of left atrial strain analysis in adverse clinical events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a CMR study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2023;23:42.","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"57_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2022.03.012","volume":"35","author":"SF Nagueh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nagueh SF, Phelan D, Abraham T, Armour A, Desai MY, Dragulescu A, et al. Recommendations for multimodality cardiovascular imaging of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography, in collaboration with the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2022;35:533\u201369.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"issue":"3","key":"57_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07172-2","volume":"31","author":"P Spagnolo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spagnolo P, Giglio M, Di Marco D, Canna\u00f2 PM, Agricola E, Della Bella PE, et al. Diagnosis of left atrial appendage thrombus in patients with atrial fibrillation: delayed contrast-enhanced cardiac CT. Eur Radiol. 2021;31(3):1236\u201344.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"57_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2021200136","volume":"41","author":"P Rajiah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rajiah P, Alkhouli M, Thaden J, Foley T, Williamson E, Ranganath P. Pre- and postprocedural CT of transcatheter left atrial appendage closure devices. Radiographics. 2021;41:680\u201398.","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"57_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2018.0152","volume":"49","author":"IC Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim IC, Chang HJ, Cho IJ, Shim CY, Hong GR, Heo JH, et al. Benefit of four-dimensional computed tomography derived ejection fraction of the left atrial appendage to predict thromboembolic risk in the patients with valvular heart disease. Korean Circ J. 2019;49:173\u201380.","journal-title":"Korean Circ J"},{"key":"57_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-023-01401-6","volume":"41","author":"T Hosokawa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hosokawa T, Kawakami H, Tanabe Y, Fukuyama N, Yoshida K, Ohara K, et al. Left atrial strain assessment using cardiac computed tomography in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Jpn J Radiol. 2023;41:843\u201353.","journal-title":"Jpn J Radiol"},{"key":"57_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15039","volume":"12","author":"H Kitaoka","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kitaoka H, Carroll R, Eugene N, Teixeira BC, Matsuo Y, Kubo T. Oral anticoagulation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and non-valvular atrial fibrillation in Japan. ESC Heart Fail. 2025;12:326\u201337.","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"57_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.04.026","volume":"67","author":"PA Noseworthy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Noseworthy PA, Yao X, Shah ND, Gersh BJ. Stroke and bleeding risks in NOAC- and warfarin-treated patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:3020\u20131.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14659","volume":"31","author":"A Creta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Creta A, Hunter RJ, Earley MJ, Finlay M, Dhinoja M, Sporton S, et al. Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients undergoing catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020;31:2626\u201331.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"57_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.026048","volume":"50","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee HJ, Kim HK, Jung JH, Han KD, Lee H, Park JB, et al. Novel oral anticoagulants for primary stroke prevention in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with atrial fibrillation. Stroke. 2019;50:2582\u20136.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"57_CR98","first-page":"72","volume":"41","author":"SJ Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu SJ, Chen YY, Chien YS, Kuo MJ, Li CH, Weng CJ, et al. Rhythm control better prevents stroke than rate control in patients with concomitant hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation: a nationwide population based cohort study with long-term follow-up. Acta Cardiol Sin. 2025;41:72\u201381.","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol Sin"},{"key":"57_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.05.063","volume":"57","author":"LF Tops","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tops LF, Delgado V, Bertini M, Marsan NA, Den Uijl DW, Trines SA, et al. Left atrial strain predicts reverse remodeling after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:324\u201331.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(84)80212-X","volume":"54","author":"WJ McKenna","year":"1984","unstructured":"McKenna WJ, Harris L, Rowland E, Kleinebenne A, Krikler DM, Oakley CM, et al. Amiodarone for long-term management of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1984;54:802\u201310.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(10)80014-2","volume":"15","author":"K Robinson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Robinson K, Frenneaux MP, Stockins B, Karatasakis G, Poloniecki JD, McKenna WJ. Atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a longitudinal study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;15:1279\u201385.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.67.1.45","volume":"67","author":"L Harris","year":"1983","unstructured":"Harris L, McKenna WJ, Rowland E, Holt DW, Storey GC, Krikler DM. Side effects of long-term amiodarone therapy. Circulation. 1983;67:45\u201351.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"57_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1159\/000175883","volume":"82","author":"M Tendera","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tendera M, Wycisk A, Schneeweiss A, Polo\u0144ski L, Wodniecki J. Effect of sotalol on arrhythmias and exercise tolerance in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cardiology. 1993;82:335\u201342.","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"57_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2019.02.051","volume":"123","author":"CA Miller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miller CA, Maron MS, Estes NA, Price LL, Rowin EJ, Maron BJ, et al. Safety, side effects and relative efficacy of medications for rhythm control of atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2019;123:1859\u201362.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.037639","volume":"14","author":"D Massera","year":"2025","unstructured":"Massera D, Sherrid MV, Adlestein E, Bokhari N, Alvarez IC, Wu WY, et al. Disopyramide revisited for treatment of symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: efficacy and safety in patients treated for at least 5 years. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025;14: e037639.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"57_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.01.012","volume":"45","author":"MV Sherrid","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sherrid MV, Barac I, McKenna WJ, Elliott PM, Dickie S, Chojnowska L, et al. Multicenter study of the efficacy and safety of disopyramide in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1251\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199103213241201","volume":"324","author":"DS Echt","year":"1991","unstructured":"Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, Peters RW, Obias-Manno D, Barker AH, et al. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The cardiac arrhythmia suppression trial. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:781\u20138.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"57_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2022.101524","volume":"48","author":"F Faraz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Faraz F, Rehman MEU, Sabir B, Ghaffar A, Iftikhar A, Maqsood A, et al. Efficacy of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2023;48: 101524.","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.017451","volume":"10","author":"L Dinshaw","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dinshaw L, M\u00fcnkler P, Sch\u00e4ffer B, Klatt N, Jungen C, Dickow J, et al. Ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: treatment strategy, characteristics of consecutive atrial tachycardia and long-term outcome. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10: e017451.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"57_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14349","volume":"31","author":"S Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng S, Jiang W, Dai J, Li K, Shi H, Wu W, et al. Five-year outcomes after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020;31:621\u20138.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"57_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/joa3.13061","volume":"40","author":"JH Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee JH, Cho I, Choi SH, Yu HT, Kim TH, Uhm JS, et al. Clinical and pathophysiologic determinants of catheter ablation outcome in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with atrial fibrillation. J Arrhythm. 2024;40:479\u201388.","journal-title":"J Arrhythm"},{"key":"57_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.12.063","volume":"65","author":"FM Contreras-Valdes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Contreras-Valdes FM, Buxton AE, Josephson ME, Anter E. Atrial fibrillation ablation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: long-term outcomes and clinical predictors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:1485\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euad256","volume":"25","author":"FM Ezzeddine","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ezzeddine FM, Agboola KM, Hassett LC, Killu AM, Del-Carpio Munoz F, DeSimone CV, et al. Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with and without hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Europace. 2023;25: euad256.","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"57_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2023.08.156","volume":"207","author":"S Agarwal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Agarwal S, Munir MB, Patel H, DeSimone CV, Deshmukh A, Asad ZU. Outcomes of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2023;207:1\u20133.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2023.05.049","volume":"387","author":"RK Kharbanda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kharbanda RK, Ramdat Misier NL, Van den Eynde J, El Mathari S, Tom\u0161i\u010d A, Palmen M, et al. Outcomes of concomitant surgical ablation in patients undergoing surgical myectomy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2023;387: 131099.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2025.01.009","volume":"11","author":"S Gribissa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gribissa S, Kueffer T, Knecht S, Waintraub X, Badenco N, Charron P, et al. Pulsed-field vs thermal catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2025;11:1205\u201315.","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"57_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-024-01772-4","volume":"67","author":"S Agarwal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Agarwal S, Munir MB, DeSimone CV, Deshmukh A, Alkhouli MA, Asad ZU. Outcomes of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy undergoing percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2024;67:851\u20134.","journal-title":"J Interv Card Electrophysiol"},{"key":"57_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.05.038","volume":"21","author":"A Aglan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aglan A, Fath AR, Maron BJ, Maron MS, Prasad A, Almomani A, et al. Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure for stroke prevention in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2024;21:1677\u201383.","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"57_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euad101","volume":"25","author":"T Khawaja","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khawaja T, Majmundar M, Zuzek Z, Arora S, Attizzani GF, Filby SJ, et al. Surgical and transcatheter left atrial appendage closure in patients with atrial fibrillation and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Europace. 2023;25: euad101.","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"57_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euz258","volume":"22","author":"M Glikson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Glikson M, Wolff R, Hindricks G, Mandrola J, Camm AJ, Lip GY, et al. EHRA\/EAPCI expert consensus statement on catheter-based left atrial appendage occlusion: an update. Europace. 2020;22:184.","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"57_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000665","volume":"140","author":"CT January","year":"2019","unstructured":"January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, Chen LY, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JC, et al. 2019 AHA\/ACC\/HRS focused update of the 2014 AHA\/ACC\/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society in collaboration with the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2019;140:e125\u201351.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"57_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61343-X","volume":"374","author":"DR Holmes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Holmes DR, Reddy VY, Turi ZG, Doshi SK, Sievert H, Buchbinder M, et al. Percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage versus warfarin therapy for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2009;374:534\u201342.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"57_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.04.029","volume":"64","author":"DR Holmes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Holmes DR, Kar S, Price MJ, Whisenant B, Sievert H, Doshi SK, et al. Prospective randomized evaluation of the Watchman Left Atrial Appendage Closure device in patients with atrial fibrillation versus long-term warfarin therapy: the PREVAIL trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:1\u201312.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"57_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31792-X","volume":"396","author":"I Olivotto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Olivotto I, Oreziak A, Barriales-Villa R, Abraham TP, Masri A, Garcia-Pavia P, et al. Mavacamten for treatment of symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (EXPLORER-HCM): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2020;396:759\u201369.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"57_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2024.08.005","volume":"18","author":"MY Desai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Desai MY, Okushi Y, Wolski K, Geske JB, Owens A, Saberi S, et al. Mavacamten-associated temporal changes in left atrial function in obstructive HCM: insights from the VALOR-HCM trial. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2025;18:251\u201362.","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"57_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2023.06.008","volume":"16","author":"P Wessly","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wessly P, Lazzara GE, Buergler JM, Nagueh SF. Early observations on effects of mavacamten on left atrial function in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023;16:1633\u20134.","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"57_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3546","volume":"27","author":"R Lu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lu R, Lumish HS, Hasegawa K, Maurer MS, Reilly MP, Weiner SD, et al. Prediction of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using machine learning. Eur J Heart Fail. 2025;27:275\u201384.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"57_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hjc.2019.08.001","volume":"61","author":"Z Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Z, Liao H, He S, Chen X. Performance and validation of R-CHA2DS2VASc score for thromboembolism in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hellenic J Cardiol. 2020;61:313\u20137.","journal-title":"Hellenic J Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s44348-025-00057-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s44348-025-00057-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s44348-025-00057-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T14:01:58Z","timestamp":1757426518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcvi.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s44348-025-00057-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["57"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s44348-025-00057-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2586-7210","2586-7296"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2586-7210","type":"print"},{"value":"2586-7296","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12"}}