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The aim of this study was to determine the molecular evolution of the three short PGRPs (PGRP-S1, PGRP-S2 and PGRP-S3) in the two main African malaria vectors - <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Anopheles arabiensis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Genetic diversity of <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic> PGRP-S1, PGRP-S2 and PGRP-S3 was investigated in samples collected from Mozambique and Tanzania. PGRP-S1 diversity was lower than for PGRP-S2 and PGRP-S3. PGRP-S1 was the only gene differentiated between the two species. All the comparisons made for PGRP-S1 showed significant P-values for Fst estimates and AMOVA confirming a clear separation between species. For PGRP-S2 and PGRP-S3 genes it was not possible to group populations either by species or by geographic region. Phylogenetic networks reinforced the results obtained by the AMOVA and Fst values. The ratio of nonsynonymous substitutions (Ka)\/synonymous substitutions (Ks) for the duplicate pair PGRP-S2 and PGRP-S3 was very similar and lower than 1. The 3D model of the different proteins coded by these genes showed that amino acid substitutions were concentrated at the periphery of the protein rather than at the peptidoglycan recognition site.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>PGRP-S1 is less diverse and showed higher divergence between <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic> regardless of geographic location. This probably relates to its location in the chromosome-X, while PGRP-S2 and PGRP-S3, located in chromosome-2L, showed signs of autosomal introgression. The two short PGRP genes located in the chromosome-2L were under purifying selection, which suggests functional constraints. Different types of selection acting on PGRP-S1 and PGRP-S2 and S3 might be related to their different function and catalytic activity.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-10-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,12]],"date-time":"2010-01-12T19:17:21Z","timestamp":1263323841000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Molecular evolution of the three short PGRPs of the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensisin East Africa"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rute","family":"Felix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana-Margarida","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Lamego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Charlwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Virg\u00edlio E","family":"do Ros\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1225_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2003.10.011","volume":"40","author":"R Dziarski","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dziarski R: Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs). 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