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Here we analyze the evolution of the gene family encoding for the long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (<jats:italic>Acsl<\/jats:italic>) in vertebrates.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>By means of phylogenetics and comparative genomics we show that genome duplications (2R) generated the diversity of <jats:italic>Acsl<\/jats:italic> genes in extant vertebrate lineages. In the vertebrate ancestor two separate genes originated the current <jats:italic>Acsl<\/jats:italic>1\/5\/6 and the <jats:italic>Acsl<\/jats:italic>3\/4 gene families, and the extra gene duplicates in teleosts are a consequence of the teleost specific third round of genome duplication (3R). Moreover, the diversity of <jats:italic>Acsl<\/jats:italic> family members is broader than anticipated. Our strategy uncovered a novel uncharacterized <jats:italic>Acsl-<\/jats:italic>like gene found in teleosts, spotted gar, coelacanth and possibly lamprey, which we designate <jats:italic>Acsl2<\/jats:italic>. The detailed analysis of the <jats:italic>Acsl2<\/jats:italic> teleost gene <jats:italic>locus<\/jats:italic> strongly supports the conclusion that it corresponds to a retained 2R paralogue, lost in tetrapods.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We provide here the first evolutionary analysis of the <jats:italic>Acsl<\/jats:italic> gene family in vertebrates, showing the specific contribution of 2R\/3R to the diversity of this gene family. We find also that the division of ACSL enzymes into two groups predates at least the emergence of deuterostomes. Our study indicates that genome duplications significantly contributed to the elaboration of fatty acid activation metabolism in vertebrates.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-13-271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,12]],"date-time":"2013-12-12T18:01:19Z","timestamp":1386871279000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Diversity and history of the long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (Acsl) gene family in vertebrates"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Lopes-Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Armanda","family":"Reis-Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel M","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L Filipe C","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7198","key":"2507_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06967","volume":"453","author":"NH Putnam","year":"2008","unstructured":"Putnam NH, Butts T, Ferrier DEK, Furlong RF, Hellsten U, Kawashima T, Robinson-Rechavi M, Shoguchi E, Terry A, Yu J-K, et al: The amphioxus genome and the evolution of the chordate karyotype. 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