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In this study, a new genotypic method to detect clarithromycin resistance in clinical samples, based on fluorescent <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization (FISH) using a set of peptide nucleic acid probes (PNA), is proposed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The set of probes targeting the point mutations responsible for clarithromycin resistance was applied to <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> suspensions and showed 100% sensitivity and specificity (95% CI, 79.9-100 and 95% CI, 71.6-100 respectively). This method can also be amenable for application to gastric biopsy samples, as resistance to clarithromycin was also detected when histological slides were tested.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The optimized PNA-FISH based diagnostic method to detect <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> clarithromycin resistance shown to be a very sensitive and specific method for the detection of clarithromycin resistance in the <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> smears and also proved to be a reliable method for the diagnosis of this pathogen in clinical samples and an alternative to existing plating methods.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,14]],"date-time":"2011-05-14T18:16:23Z","timestamp":1305396983000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["PNA-FISH as a new diagnostic method for the determination of clarithromycin resistance of Helicobacter pylori"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Cerqueira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ricardo M","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rui M","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Dinis-Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C\u00e9u","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Charles W","family":"Keevil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nuno F","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria J","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"1385_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.022111","volume":"53","author":"F Megraud","year":"2004","unstructured":"Megraud F: H pylori antibiotic resistance: prevalence, importance, and advances in testing. 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