{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T18:29:06Z","timestamp":1774549746727,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection occurring in women of reproductive age. It is widely accepted that the microbial switch from normal microflora to BV is characterized by a decrease in vaginal colonization by <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> species together with an increase of <jats:italic>Gardnerella vaginalis<\/jats:italic> and other anaerobes. Our goal was to develop and optimize a novel Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) Fluorescence <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> Hybridization assay (PNA FISH) for the detection of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> spp. and <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> in mixed samples.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Therefore, we evaluated and validated two specific PNA probes by using 36 representative <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> strains, 22 representative <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> strains and 27 other taxonomically related or pathogenic bacterial strains commonly found in vaginal samples. The probes were also tested at different concentrations of <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> species <jats:italic>in vitro,<\/jats:italic> in the presence of a HeLa cell line. Specificity and sensitivity of the PNA probes were found to be 98.0% (95% confidence interval (CI), from 87.8 to 99.9%) and 100% (95% CI, from 88.0 to 100.0%), for <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> spp.; and 100% (95% CI, from 92.8 to 100%) and 100% (95% CI, from 81.5 to 100.0%) for <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>. Moreover, the probes were evaluated in mixed samples mimicking women with BV or normal vaginal microflora, demonstrating efficiency and applicability of our PNA FISH.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This quick method accurately detects <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> spp. and <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> species in mixed samples, thus enabling efficient evaluation of the two bacterial groups, most frequently encountered in the vagina.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-13-82","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,12]],"date-time":"2013-04-12T10:14:54Z","timestamp":1365761694000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Fluorescence in situ Hybridization method using Peptide Nucleic Acid probes for rapid detection of Lactobacillus and Gardnerella spp."],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora","family":"Salgueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Vaneechoutte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Freddy","family":"Haesebrouck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ligia","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nuno Filipe","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Cerca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1957_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.4.4.485","volume":"4","author":"CA Spiegel","year":"1991","unstructured":"Spiegel CA: Bacterial vaginosis. 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