{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T11:46:48Z","timestamp":1759146408204},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> colonizes the human stomach and is associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. This ubiquitous association between <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> and humans is thought to be present since the origin of modern humans. The <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> genome encodes for an exceptional number of restriction and modifications (R-M) systems. To evaluate if R-M systems are an adequate tool to determine the geographic distribution of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> strains, we typed 221 strains from Africa, America, Asia, and Europe, and evaluated the expression of different 29 methyltransferases.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Independence tests and logistic regression models revealed that ten R-M systems correlate with geographical localization. The distribution pattern of these methyltransferases may have been originated by co-divergence of regional <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> after its human host migrated out of Africa. The expression of specific methyltransferases in the <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> population may also reflect the genetic and cultural background of its human host. Methyltransferases common to all strains, M. HhaI and M. NaeI, are likely conserved in <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>, and may have been present in the bacteria genome since the human diaspora out of Africa.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study indicates that some methyltransferases are useful geomarkers, which allow discrimination of bacterial populations, and that can be added to our tools to investigate human migrations.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,8]],"date-time":"2009-09-08T19:48:42Z","timestamp":1252439322000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Geographic distribution of methyltransferases of Helicobacter pylori: evidence of human host population isolation and migration"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Filipa F","family":"Vale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francis","family":"M\u00e9graud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jorge MB","family":"V\u00edtor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"864_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020542","volume":"347","author":"S Suerbaum","year":"2002","unstructured":"Suerbaum S, Michetti P: Helicobacter pylori infection. 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