{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:07:22Z","timestamp":1765886842175},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,15]],"date-time":"2005-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1108425600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,15]],"date-time":"2005-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1108425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Low physical activity is known to be a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease. With high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in the Portuguese urban population, little is known about how sedentary this population is and what factors are associated to sedentary lifestyles. This study's objective was to examine sedentary lifestyles and their determinants through a cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>2134 adults (18 years and older) were interviewed using a standard questionnaire, comprising of social, behavioural and clinical information. Time spent in a variety of activities per day, including: work, household chores, sports, sedentary leisure time and sleep, were self-reported. Energy expenditure was estimated based on the related metabolic equivalent (MET) and time spent in each activity (min\/day). Those with less than 10% of energy expenditure at a moderate intensity of 4 METs or higher were categorised as sedentary. The proportion of sedentary people and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated, and the magnitude of associations, between sedentary lifestyles and the population characteristics, were computed as age-adjusted odds ratios using logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Sedentarism in both genders during leisure time is high at 84%, however in full day energy expenditure, which includes physical activity at work, sleeping hours and household chores, 79% of males and 86% of females are found to be sedentary. In leisure-time only, increased age is associated with higher odds of being sedentary in both genders, as well as in women with increased BMI. In comparison, in full-day energy expenditure, sedentarism is more likely to occur in those with higher levels of education and in white-collar workers.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>A high prevalence of sedentarism is found in the study participants when measuring leisure-time and full-day energy expenditure. The Portuguese population may therefore benefit from additional promotion of physical activity.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-5-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,16]],"date-time":"2005-02-16T07:25:21Z","timestamp":1108538721000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Leisure-time versus full-day energy expenditure: a cross-sectional study of sedentarism in a Portuguese urban population"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Diane L","family":"Gal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana-Cristina","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"171_CR1","first-page":"2pp","volume-title":"Physical activity: How much is needed?","author":"Pan American Health Organisation","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organisation: Physical activity: How much is needed?. 2002, Washington, USA, PAHO, 2pp-"},{"key":"171_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.9.975","volume":"102","author":"HD Sesso","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sesso HD, Paffenbarger RSJ, Lee IM: Physical activity and other risk factors in men: The Harvard Alumni Health Study. Circulation. 2000, 102: 975-980.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"171_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200007063430103","volume":"343","author":"MJ Stampfer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, Rimm EB, Willett WC: Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N Engl J Med. 2000, 343: 16-22. 10.1056\/NEJM200007063430103.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"171_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(99)00368-8","volume":"150","author":"J Kaprio","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kaprio J, Kujala UM, Koskenvuo M, Sarna S: Physical activity and other risk factors in male twin pairs discordant for coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis. 2000, 150: 193-200. 10.1016\/S0021-9150(99)00368-8.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"171_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908263410904","volume":"341","author":"JE Manson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Manson JE, Hu FB, Edwards RJW, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH: A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous excercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1999, 341: 650-658. 10.1056\/NEJM199908263410904.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"171_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-1-4","volume":"1","author":"L Dong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dong L, Block G, Mandel S: Activities contributing to total energy expenditure in the United States: Results from the NHAPS study. Int J Behav Nutr Physical Activity. 2004, 1: 4-10.1186\/1479-5868-1-4.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Physical Activity"},{"key":"171_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.2001.0982","volume":"34","author":"KH Schmitz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schmitz KH, Lytle LA, Phillips GA, Murray DM, Birnbaum AS, Kubik MY: Psychosocial correlates of physical activity and sedentary leisure habits in young adolescents: The teens eating for energy and nutrition at school study. Prev Med. 2002, 34: 266-278. 10.1006\/pmed.2001.0982.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"171_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1998.0470","volume":"28","author":"B Sternfeld","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sternfeld B, Ainsworth BE, Quesenberry CP: Physical activity patterns in a diverse population of women. Prev Med. 1999, 28: 313-323. 10.1006\/pmed.1998.0470.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"171_CR9","first-page":"82","volume":"53","author":"SA Ham","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ham SA, Yore MM, Fulton JE, Kohl III HW: Prevalence of no leisure time physical activity 35 States and the District of Columbia, 1988-2002. MMWR Weekly. 2004, 53: 82-86.","journal-title":"MMWR Weekly"},{"key":"171_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-7435(03)00142-7","volume":"37","author":"CR Elley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Elley CR, Kerse NM, Arroll B: Why target sedentary adults in primary health care? Baseline results from the Waikato Heart, Health, and Activity Study. Prev Med. 2003, 37: 342-348. 10.1016\/S0091-7435(03)00142-7.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"171_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1469-0292(00)00016-9","volume":"2","author":"S Titze","year":"2001","unstructured":"Titze S, Martin BW, Seiler R, Stronegger W, Marti B: Effects of a lifestyle physical activity intervention on stages of change and energy expenditure in sedentary employees. Psychology Sport Exerc. 2001, 2: 103-116. 10.1016\/S1469-0292(00)00016-9.","journal-title":"Psychology Sport Exerc"},{"key":"171_CR12","first-page":"38pp","volume-title":"Highlights on Health in Portugal","author":"World Health Organisation: Regional Office for Europe","year":"1997","unstructured":"World Health Organisation: Regional Office for Europe: Highlights on Health in Portugal. 1997, Copenhagen, DK, WHO, 38pp-"},{"key":"171_CR13","first-page":"2pp","volume-title":"Resultados definitivos: As causas de morte em Portugal 2000","author":"Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica","year":"2002","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica: Resultados definitivos: As causas de morte em Portugal 2000. 2002, Portugal, INE, 2pp-"},{"key":"171_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2003.09.013","volume":"14","author":"E Ramos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ramos E, Lopes C, Barros H: Investigating the effect of nonparticipation using a population based case control study on myocardial infarction. Ann Epidemiol. 2004, 14: 437-441. 10.1016\/j.annepidem.2003.09.013.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"171_CR15","first-page":"269pp","volume-title":"Alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o e enfarte agudo do mioc\u00e1rdio","author":"CMM Lopes","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lopes CMM: Alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o e enfarte agudo do mioc\u00e1rdio. 2000, Portugal, University of Porto, 269pp-"},{"key":"171_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","volume":"12","author":"MF Folstein","year":"1975","unstructured":"Folstein MF, Folstein SE, Mchush PR: \" Mini mental state \". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975, 12: 189-198. 10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"171_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3506(03)00139-2","volume":"117","author":"AC Santos","year":"2003","unstructured":"Santos AC, Barros H: Prevalence and determinants of obesity in an urban sample of Portuguese adults. Public Health. 2003, 117: 430-437. 10.1016\/S0033-3506(03)00139-2.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"171_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.4.899","volume":"68","author":"Expert panel on the identification and evaluation and treatment of overweight adults","year":"1998","unstructured":"Expert panel on the identification and evaluation and treatment of overweight adults: Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: executive summary. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998, 68: 899-917.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"171_CR19","first-page":"190pp","volume-title":"Guidelines for controlling and monitoring the tobacco epidemic","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"1997","unstructured":"World Health Organisation: Guidelines for controlling and monitoring the tobacco epidemic. 1997, Geneva, Sw, WHO, 190pp-"},{"key":"171_CR20","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","author":"BE Ainsworth","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Leon AS, Jacobs DR, Montoye HJ, Sallis JF, Paffenbarger RSJ: Compendium of Physical Activities: classification of energy costs of human physical activities. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993, 71-79."},{"key":"171_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.6.862","volume":"89","author":"MS Bernstein","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bernstein MS, Morabia A, Sloutskis D: Definition and prevalence of sedentarism in an urban population. Am J Public Health. 1999, 89: 862-867.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"171_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg116","volume":"32","author":"JJ Varo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Varo JJ, Mart\u00ednez Gonz\u00e1lez AM, de Irala Est\u00e9vez J, Kearney J, Gibney M, Mart\u00ednez JA: Distribution and determinants of sedentary lifestyles in the European Union. Int J Epidemiol. 2003, 32: 138-146. 10.1093\/ije\/dyg116.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"171_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01318798","volume":"46","author":"MS Bernstein","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bernstein MS, Costanza M, Morabia A: Physical activity of urban adults: a general population survey in Geneva. Soz Pr\u00e4ventivemed. 2001, 46: 49-59.","journal-title":"Soz Pr\u00e4ventivemed"},{"key":"171_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1996.9995","volume":"26","author":"MA Pols","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pols MA, Peeters PH, Ocke MC, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Slimani N, Kemper HC, Collette HJ: Relative validity and repeatability of a new questionnaire on physical activity. Prev Med. 1997, 26: 37-43. 10.1006\/pmed.1996.9995.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"171_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.2001.0847","volume":"33","author":"GE Duncan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Duncan GE, Sydeman SJ, Perri MG, Limacher MC, Martin AD: Can sedentary adults accurately recall the intensity of their physical activity?. Prev Med. 2001, 33: 18-26. 10.1006\/pmed.2001.0847.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"171_CR26","unstructured":"Physical activity and health. A report of the Surgeon General. 1996, Atlanta, Georgia, US Dept of Health and Human Services, 278pp-"},{"key":"171_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1999.0619","volume":"30","author":"J Salmon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Salmon J, Owen N, Bauman A, Schmitz KH, Booth M: Leisure-time, occupational and household physical activity among professional, skilled and less-skilled workers and homemakers. Prev Med. 2000, 30: 191-199. 10.1006\/pmed.1999.0619.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"171_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjr.0000086303.28200.50","volume":"10","author":"P Giannuzzi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Giannuzzi P, Mezzani A, Saner H, Bj\u00f6rnstad H, Fioretti P, Mendes M, al. : Physical activity for primary and secondary prevention: Position paper of the Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2003, 10: 319-327. 10.1097\/01.hjr.0000086303.28200.50.","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil"},{"key":"171_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjr.0000099030.73419.67","volume":"10","author":"N Oldridge","year":"2003","unstructured":"Oldridge N: Physical activity in primary and secondary prevention there is a treatment gap. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2003, 10: 317-318. 10.1097\/01.hjr.0000099030.73419.67.","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil"},{"key":"171_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.2000.0688","volume":"31","author":"A Steptoe","year":"2000","unstructured":"Steptoe A, Rink E, Kerry S: Psychosocial predictors of changes in physical activity in overweight sedentary adults following counselling in primary care. Prev Med. 2000, 31: 183-194. 10.1006\/pmed.2000.0688.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"171_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.4278\/0890-1171-18.4.283","volume":"18","author":"AL Marshall","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marshall AL, Bauman AE, Owen N, Booth ML, Crawford D, Marcus BH: Reaching out to promote physical activity in Australia: A state wide randomised controlled trial of a stage targeted intervention. Health Promotion. 2004, 18: 283-287.","journal-title":"Health Promotion"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-5-16.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2458-5-16\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-5-16","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-5-16.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T12:52:04Z","timestamp":1728305524000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2458-5-16"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,15]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}},"alternative-id":["171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-5-16","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1471-2458"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2004","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2005","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2005","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"16"}}