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The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine the prevalence of <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> resistance associated polymorphisms in field isolates from southern Pakistan.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Blood samples from 244 patients with blood-slide confirmed <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> mono-infections were collected between 2005-2007. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> chloroquine resistance transporter (<jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> K76T), multi drug resistance (<jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> N86Y), dihydrofolate reductase (<jats:italic>pfdhfr<\/jats:italic> A16V, N51I, C59R, S108N, I164L) and dihydropteroate synthetase (<jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic> A436S, G437A and E540K) genes and <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> gene copy numbers were determined using PCR based methods.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The prevalence of <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> 76T and <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> 86Y was 93% and 57%, respectively. The prevalence of <jats:italic>pfdhfr<\/jats:italic> double mutations 59R + 108N\/51R + 108N was 92%. The <jats:italic>pfdhfr<\/jats:italic> triple mutation (51I, 59R, 108N) occurred in 3% of samples. The <jats:italic>pfdhfr<\/jats:italic> (51I, 59R, 108N) and <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic> (437G, 540E) quintuple mutation was found in one isolate. <jats:italic>Pfdhps<\/jats:italic> 437G was observed in 51% and 540E in 1% of the isolates. One isolate had two <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> copies and carried the <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> 86Y and <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> 76T alleles.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The results indicate high prevalence of <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> resistance to chloroquine, whereas high grade resistance to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine does not appear to be widespread among <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> in southern Pakistan.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,8]],"date-time":"2011-02-08T14:50:58Z","timestamp":1297176658000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Prevalence of resistance associated polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from southern Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Najia Karim","family":"Ghanchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Ursing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammad A","family":"Beg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria I","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Jafri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"M\u00e5rtensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1601_CR1","first-page":"132","volume":"59","author":"MI Yasinzai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yasinzai MI, Kakarsulemankhel JK: Prevalence of human malaria infection in bordering areas of East Balochistan, adjoining with Punjab: Loralai and Musakhel. 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