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Levels of population differentiation of<jats:italic>An. atroparvus<\/jats:italic>from southern Europe were characterized as a first attempt to elucidate patterns of population structure of this former malaria vector. Results are discussed in light of a hypothetical situation of re-establishment of malaria transmission.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genetic and phenotypic variation was analysed in nine mosquito samples collected from five European countries, using eight microsatellite loci and geometric morphometrics on 21 wing landmarks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Levels of genetic diversity were comparable to those reported for tropical malaria vectors. Low levels of genetic (0.004 &lt;<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>ST<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>&lt;0.086) and phenotypic differentiation were detected among<jats:italic>An. atroparvus<\/jats:italic>populations spanning over 3,000 km distance. Genetic differentiation (0.202 &lt;<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>ST<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>&lt;0.299) was higher between the sibling species<jats:italic>An. atroparvus<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Anopheles maculipennis<\/jats:italic>s.s. Differentiation between sibling species was not so evident at the phenotype level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Levels of population differentiation within<jats:italic>An. atroparvus<\/jats:italic>were low and not correlated with geographic distance or with putative physical barriers to gene flow (Alps and Pyren\u00e9es). While these results may suggest considerable levels of gene flow, other explanations such as the effect of historical population perturbations can also be hypothesized.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,19]],"date-time":"2011-01-19T09:48:11Z","timestamp":1295430491000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Genetic and phenotypic variation of the malaria vector Anopheles atroparvus in southern Europe"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 L","family":"Vicente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carla A","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bulent","family":"Alten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Selim S","family":"Caglar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Falcut\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M","family":"Latorre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Celine","family":"Toty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Barr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Berna","family":"Demirci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Di Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Toma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Salgueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Teresa L","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria D","family":"Bargues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Mas-Coma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Boccolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Romi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Nicolescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Virg\u00edlio E","family":"do Ros\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nurdan","family":"Ozer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Fontenille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1588_CR1","first-page":"541","volume-title":"Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"J Alcamo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alcamo J, Moreno JM, Nov\u00e1ky B, Bindi M, Corobov R, Devoy RJN, Giannakopoulos C, Martin E, Olesen JE, Shvidenko A: Europe. 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