{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:05:06Z","timestamp":1761581106152},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite evident success of malaria control in many sites in the Arabian Peninsula, malaria remains endemic in a few spots, in Yemen and south-west of Saudi Arabia. In addition to local transmission, imported malaria sustains an extra source of parasites that can challenge the strengths of local control strategies. This study examined the genetic diversity of<jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>in Yemen and mutations of drug resistant genes, to elucidate parasite structure and distribution of drug resistance genotypes in the region.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five polymorphic loci (<jats:italic>MSP-2<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Pfg377<\/jats:italic>and three microsatellites on chromosome 8) not involved in anti-malarial drug resistance, and four drug resistant genes (<jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>dhfr<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>dhps<\/jats:italic>) were genotyped in 108<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>isolates collected in three sites in Yemen: Dhamar, Hodeidah and Taiz.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>High diversity was seen in non-drug genes,<jats:italic>pfg377<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>He<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.66),<jats:italic>msp<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>He<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.80) and three microsatellites on chr 8, 7.7\u00a0kb (<jats:italic>He<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.88), 4.3\u00a0kb (<jats:italic>He<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.77) and 0.8\u00a0kb (<jats:italic>He<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.71). There was a high level of mixed-genotype infections (57%), with an average 1.8 genotypes per patient. No linkage disequilibrium was seen between drug resistant genes and the non-drug markers (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Genetic differentiation between populations was low (most pair-wise<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>ST<\/jats:sub>values &lt;0.03), indicating extensive gene flow between the parasites in the three sites.<\/jats:p><jats:p>There was a high prevalence of mutations in<jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>dhfr<\/jats:italic>; with four mutant<jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic>genotypes (NFCDD[57%], NFSND[21%], YFCDD[13%] and YFSND[8% ]), two mutant<jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>genotypes (CVIET[89%] and SVMNT[4%]) and one mutant<jats:italic>dhfr<\/jats:italic>genotype (ICNI[53.7%]). However, no<jats:italic>dhps<\/jats:italic>mutations were detected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The high diversity of<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>in Yemen is indicative of a large parasite reservoir, which represents a challenge to control efforts. The presence of two distinct<jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>genotype, CVIET and SVMNT, suggests that chloroquine resistance can possibly be related to a migratory path from Africa and Asia. The absence of the triple mutant<jats:italic>dhfr<\/jats:italic>genotype (IRN) and<jats:italic>dhps<\/jats:italic>mutations supports the use of artesunate\u2009+\u2009sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine as first-line therapy. However, the prevalent<jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic>genotype NFSND [21%] has previously been associated with tolerance\/resistance response to artemisinin combination therapy (ACT). Regular surveys are, therefore, important to monitor spread of pfmdr1 and dhfr mutations and response to ACT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,15]],"date-time":"2013-07-15T12:14:41Z","timestamp":1373890481000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum and distribution of drug resistance haplotypes in Yemen"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Salama","family":"Al-Hamidhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammed AK","family":"Mahdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Al-Hashami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hissa","family":"Al-Farsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdulsalam M","family":"Al-mekhlafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohamed A","family":"Idris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Albano","family":"Beja-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hamza A","family":"Babiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2871_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.26719\/2003.9.4.492","volume":"9","author":"AA Abdel-Hameed","year":"2003","unstructured":"Abdel-Hameed AA: Antimalarial drug resistance in the Eastern Mediterranean region. 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