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Although <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> chemoresistance is well recognized all over the world, limited data are available on the distribution and prevalence of <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> haplotypes that mediate resistance to commonly used drugs and that show distinct geographic differences.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>-infected blood samples collected in 2007 at four municipalities of Luanda, Angola, were genotyped using PCR and direct DNA sequencing. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the <jats:italic>P. falciparum pfcrt<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> genes were assessed and haplotype prevalences were determined.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results and Discussion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The most prevalent <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> haplotype was <jats:bold>S<\/jats:bold>\n              <jats:sub>tct<\/jats:sub>VMN<jats:bold>T<\/jats:bold> (representing amino acids at codons 72-76). This result was unexpected, since the <jats:bold>S<\/jats:bold>\n              <jats:sub>tct<\/jats:sub>VMN<jats:bold>T<\/jats:bold> haplotype has previously been seen mainly in parasites from South America and India. The CV<jats:bold>IET<\/jats:bold>, CVMN<jats:bold>T<\/jats:bold> and CV<jats:bold>I<\/jats:bold> N<jats:bold>T<\/jats:bold> drug-resistance haplotypes were also found, and one previously undescribed haplotype (CVM<jats:bold>DT<\/jats:bold>) was detected. Regarding <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic>, the most prevalent haplotype was <jats:bold>Y<\/jats:bold> EYSNVD (representing amino acids at codons 86, 130, 184, 1034, 1042, 1109 and 1246). Wild haplotypes for <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> were uncommon; 3% of field isolates harbored wild type <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> (CVMNK), whereas 21% had wild type <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> (NEYSNVD). The observed predominance of the <jats:bold>S<\/jats:bold>\n              <jats:sub>tct<\/jats:sub>VMN<jats:bold>T<\/jats:bold> haplotype in Angola could be a result of frequent travel between Brazil and Angola citizens in the context of selective pressure of heavy CQ use.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The high prevalence of the <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:bold>S<\/jats:bold> VMN<jats:bold>T<\/jats:bold> haplotype and the <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> 86<jats:bold>Y<\/jats:bold> mutation confirm high-level chloroquine resistance and might suggest reduced efficacy of amodiaquine in Angola. Further studies must be encouraged to examine the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> sensitivity of <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:bold>S<\/jats:bold> VMN<jats:bold>T<\/jats:bold> parasites to artesunate and amodiaquine for better conclusive data.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,18]],"date-time":"2010-06-18T18:16:00Z","timestamp":1276884960000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Angola show the StctVMNT haplotype in the pfcrt gene"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Bianca E","family":"Gama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Guilhermina AL","family":"Pereira-Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Florbela JI","family":"Lutucuta Kosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia K","family":"Almeida de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Filomeno","family":"Fortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philip J","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udio T","family":"Daniel-Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria","family":"de F\u00e1tima Ferreira-da-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1255_CR1","unstructured":"WHO: World malaria report 2008. 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