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The influence of substitutional doping of V by higher valence cations, such as W, Mo, and Nb, and respective contents on the crystal structure of VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> is evaluated. Moreover, the effectiveness of each dopant element on the reduction of the intrinsic transition temperature and infrared modulation efficiency of VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> is discussed. In summary, all the dopant elements--regardless of the concentration, within the studied range-- formed a solid solution with VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, which was the only compound observed by X-ray diffractometry. Nb showed a clear detrimental effect on the crystal structure of VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. The undoped films presented a marked thermochromic behavior, specially the one prepared by pulsed-DC sputtering. The dopants effectively decreased the transition of VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> to the proximity of room temperature. However, the IR modulation efficiency is markedly affected as a consequence of the increased metallic character of the semiconducting phase. Tungsten proved to be the most effective element on the reduction of the semiconducting-metal transition temperature, while Mo and Nb showed similar results with the latter being detrimental to the thermochromism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276x-6-301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,7]],"date-time":"2011-04-07T18:25:55Z","timestamp":1302200755000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Synthesis and characterization of VO2-based thermochromic thin films for energy-efficient windows"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Batista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ricardo M","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vasco","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"227_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/32\/4\/026","volume":"32","author":"CG Granqvist","year":"1985","unstructured":"Granqvist CG: Spectrally Selective Coatings for Energy Efficiency and Solar Applications. 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