{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T23:30:55Z","timestamp":1773703855606,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,6]],"date-time":"2014-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1394064000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-40","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,6]],"date-time":"2014-03-06T05:01:41Z","timestamp":1394082101000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Classification of healthcare-associated infection: a systematic review 10\u00a0years after the first proposal"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N Deborah","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Arag\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Altamiro","family":"Costa-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio E","family":"Sarmento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1080_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-6553(88)90053-3","volume":"16","author":"JS Garner","year":"1988","unstructured":"Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, Horan TC, Hughes JM: CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988. Am J Infect Control. 1988, 16: 128-140. 10.1016\/0196-6553(88)90053-3.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"1080_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200405-644ST","volume":"171","author":"American Thoracic Society; Infectious Diseases Society of America","year":"2005","unstructured":"American Thoracic Society; Infectious Diseases Society of America: Guidelines for the management, of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005, 171: 388-416.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1080_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-10-200211190-00007","volume":"137","author":"ND Friedman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Friedman ND, Kaye KS, Stout JE, McGarry SA, Trivette SL, Briggs JP, Lamm W, Clark C, MacFarquhar J, Walton AL, Reller LB, Sexton DJ: Health care-associated bloodstream infections in adults: a reason to change the accepted definition of community-acquired infections. Ann Intern Med. 2002, 137: 791-797. 10.7326\/0003-4819-137-10-200211190-00007.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1080_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2012.04.003","volume":"106","author":"SC Park","year":"2012","unstructured":"Park SC, Kang YA, Park BH, Kim EY, Park MS, Kim YS, Kim SK, Chang J, Jung JY: Poor prediction of potentially drug-resistant pathogens using current criteria of health care-associated pneumonia. Respir Med. 2012, 106: 1311-1319. 10.1016\/j.rmed.2012.04.003.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"1080_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00004","volume":"150","author":"N Benito","year":"2009","unstructured":"Benito N, Mir\u00f3 JM, de Lazzari E, Cabell CH, del R\u00edo A, Altclas J, Commerford P, Delahaye F, Dragulescu S, Giamarellou H, Habib G, Kamarulzaman A, Kumar AS, Nacinovich FM, Suter F, Tribouilloy C, Venugopal K, Moreno A, Fowler VG, ICE-PCS (International Collaboration on Endocarditis Prospective Cohort Study) Investigators: Health care-associated native valve endocarditis: importance of non-nosocomial acquisition. Ann Intern Med. 2009, 150: 586-594. 10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00004. Erratum in: Ann Intern Med 2010, 152:480","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1080_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.01.010","volume":"64","author":"S Aguilar-Duran","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aguilar-Duran S, Horcajada JP, Sorl\u00ed L, Montero M, Salvad\u00f3 M, Grau S, G\u00f3mez J, Knobel H: Community-onset healthcare-related urinary tract infections: comparison with community and hospital-acquired urinary tract infections. J Infect. 2012, 64: 478-483. 10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.01.010.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"1080_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1086\/339809","volume":"34","author":"Y Siegman-Igra","year":"2002","unstructured":"Siegman-Igra Y, Fourer B, Orni-Wasserlauf R, Golan Y, Noy A, Schwartz D, Giladi M: Reappraisal of community-acquired bacteremia: a proposal of a new classification for the spectrum of acquisition of bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2002, 34: 1431-1439. 10.1086\/339809.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1080_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-1715","volume":"139","author":"J Vall\u00e9s","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vall\u00e9s J, Alvarez-Lerma F, Palomar M, Blanco A, Escoresca A, Armestar F, Sirvent JM, Balasini C, Zaragoza R, Mar\u00edn M, Study Group of Infectious Diseases of the Spanish Society of Critical Care Medicine: Health-care-associated bloodstream infections at admission to the ICU. Chest. 2011, 139: 810-815. 10.1378\/chest.10-1715.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"1080_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2010.06.009","volume":"104","author":"HK Park","year":"2010","unstructured":"Park HK, Song J-U, Um S-W, Koh W-J, Suh GY, Chung MP, Kim H, Kwon OJ, Jeon K: Clinical characteristics of health care-associated pneumonia in a Korean teaching hospital. Respir Med. 2010, 104: 1729-1735. 10.1016\/j.rmed.2010.06.009.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"1080_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.13.1393","volume":"167","author":"J Carratal\u00e0","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carratal\u00e0 J, Mykietiuk A, Fern\u00e1ndez-Sab\u00e9 N, Su\u00e1rez C, Dorca J, Verdaguer R, Manresa F, Gudiol F: Health care-associated pneumonia requiring hospital admission: epidemiology, antibiotic therapy, and clinical outcomes. Arch Intern Med. 2007, 167: 1393-1399. 10.1001\/archinte.167.13.1393.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"1080_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000239121.09533.09","volume":"34","author":"AF Shorr","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shorr AF, Tabak YP, Killian AD, Gupta V, Liu LZ, Kollef MH: Healthcare-associated bloodstream infection: a distinct entity? Insights from a large US database. Crit Care Med. 2006, 34: 2588-2595. 10.1097\/01.CCM.0000239121.09533.09.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1080_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.12.009","volume":"62","author":"MH Kollef","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kollef MH, Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF, Vo L, Schein J, Micek ST, Kim M: Epidemiology, microbiology and outcomes of healthcare-associated and community-acquired bacteremia: a multicenter cohort study. J Infect. 2011, 62: 130-135. 10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.12.009.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"1080_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3854","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.6.3854","volume":"128","author":"MH Kollef","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kollef MH, Shorr A, Tabak YP, Gupta V, Liu LZ, Johannes RS: Epidemiology and outcomes of healthcare-associated pneumonia: results from a large US database of culture-positive pneumonia. Chest. 2005, 128: 3854-3862. 10.1378\/chest.128.6.3854. Erratum in Chest 2006, 129:831","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"1080_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr176","volume":"66","author":"C Grenier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grenier C, Pepin J, Nault V, Howson J, Fournier X, Poirier M-S, Cabana J, Craig C, Beaudoin M, Valiquette L: Impact of guideline-consistent therapy on outcome of patients with healthcare-associated and community-acquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011, 66: 1617-1624. 10.1093\/jac\/dkr176.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"1080_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1086\/430314","volume":"40","author":"AE Pop-Vicas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pop-Vicas AE, D\u2019Agata EM: The rising influx of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli into a tertiary care hospital. Clin Infect Dis. 2005, 40: 1792-1798. 10.1086\/430314.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1080_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1086\/606165","volume":"30","author":"J Marschall","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marschall J, Fraser VJ, Doherty J, Warren DK: Between community and hospital: healthcare-associated gram-negative bacteremia among hospitalized patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009, 30: 1050-1056. 10.1086\/606165.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"1080_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.2","volume":"47","author":"CT Evans","year":"2009","unstructured":"Evans CT, Hershow RC, Chin A, Foulis PR, Burns SP, Weaver FM: Bloodstream infections and setting of onset in persons with spinal cord injury and disorder. Spinal Cord. 2009, 47: 610-615. 10.1038\/sc.2009.2.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"1080_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2010.25.7.992","volume":"25","author":"JS Son","year":"2010","unstructured":"Son JS, Song J-H, Ko KS, Yeom JS, Ki HK, Kim S-W, Chang H-H, Ryu SY, Kim Y-S, Jung S-I, Shin SY, Oh HB, Lee YS, Chung DR, Lee NY, Peck KR: Bloodstream infections and clinical significance of healthcare-associated bacteremia: a multicenter surveillance study in Korean hospitals. J Korean Med Sci. 2010, 25: 992-998. 10.3346\/jkms.2010.25.7.992.","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"1080_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03089.x","volume":"16","author":"J Rodr\u00edguez-Ba\u00f1o","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ba\u00f1o J, L\u00f3pez-Prieto MD, Portillo MM, Retamar P, Natera C, Nu\u00f1o E, Herrero M, del Arco A, Mu\u00f1oz A, T\u00e9llez F, Torres-Tortosa M, Mart\u00edn-Aspas A, Arroyo A, Ruiz A, Moya R, Corzo JE, Le\u00f3n L, P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez JA, SAEI\/SAMPAC Bacteraemia Group: Epidemiology and clinical features of community-acquired, healthcare-associated and nosocomial bloodstream infections in tertiary-care and community hospitals. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010, 16: 1408-1413. 10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03089.x.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"1080_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-1357","volume":"135","author":"Y Shindo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shindo Y, Sato S, Maruyama E, Ohashi T, Ogawa M, Hashimoto N, Imaizumi K, Sato T, Hasegawa Y: Health-care-associated pneumonia among hospitalized patients in a Japanese Community Hospital. Chest. 2009, 135: 633-640. 10.1378\/chest.08-1357.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"1080_CR21","first-page":"P1658","volume":"50","author":"V Pascual","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pascual V, Salvador M, Calvo E, Freixas N, Riera M, Xercavins M, Garau J: Healthcare-associated pneumonia: a category under review. Abstr Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010, 50: P1658.","journal-title":"Abstr Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1080_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2011.01983.x","volume":"16","author":"K Umeki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Umeki K, Tokimatsu I, Yasuda C, Iwata A, Yoshioka D, Ishii H, Shirai R, Kishi K, Hiramatsu K, Matsumoto B, Kadota J: Clinical features of healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) in a Japanese community hospital: comparisons among nursing home-acquired pneumonia (NHAP), HCAP other than NHAP, and community-acquired pneumonia. Respirology. 2011, 16: 856-861. 10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2011.01983.x.","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"1080_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-010-0127-8","volume":"17","author":"M Seki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Seki M, Hashiguchi K, Tanaka A, Kosai K, Kakugawa T, Awaya Y, Kurihara S, Izumikawa K, Kakeya H, Yamamoto Y, Yanagihara K, Tashiro T, Kohno S: Characteristics and disease severity of healthcare-associated pneumonia among patients in a hospital in Kitakyushu, Japan. J Infect Chemother. 2011, 17: 363-369. 10.1007\/s10156-010-0127-8.","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"1080_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03484.x","volume":"17","author":"C Garcia-Vidal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garcia-Vidal C, Viasus D, Roset A, Adamuz J, Verdaguer R, Dorca J, Gudiol F, Carratal\u00e0 J: Low incidence of multidrug-resistant organisms in patients with healthcare-associated pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011, 17: 1659-1665. 10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03484.x.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"1080_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-61","volume":"11","author":"JY Jung","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jung JY, Park MS, Kim YS, Park BH, Kim SK, Chang J, Kang YA: Healthcare-associated pneumonia among hospitalized patients in a Korean tertiary hospital. BMC Infect Dis. 2011, 11: 61-10.1186\/1471-2334-11-61. doi:10.1186\/1471-2334-11-61","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"1080_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2011.52.2.282","volume":"52","author":"EJ Jeon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jeon EJ, Cho S-G, Shin JW, Kim JY, Park IW, Choi BW, Choi JC: The difference in clinical presentations between healthcare-associated and community-acquired pneumonia in university-affiliated hospital in Korea. Yonsei Med J. 2011, 52: 282-287. 10.3349\/ymj.2011.52.2.282.","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"1080_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2010.09.031","volume":"77","author":"P Depuydt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Depuydt P, Putman B, Benoit D, Buylaert W, De Paepe P: Nursing home residence is the main risk factor for increased mortality in healthcare-associated pneumonia. J Hosp Infect. 2011, 77: 138-142. 10.1016\/j.jhin.2010.09.031.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"1080_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2012.06.019","volume":"16","author":"JH Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee JH, Kim YH: Comparison of clinical characteristics between healthcare-associated pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia in patients admitted to secondary hospitals. Braz J Infect Dis. 2012, 16: 321-328. 10.1016\/j.bjid.2012.06.019.","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1080_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-221","volume":"11","author":"KS Wu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wu KS, Lee SS, Tsai HC, Wann SR, Chen JK, Sy CL, Wang YH, Tseng YT, Chen YS: Non-nosocomial healthcare-associated infective endocarditis in Taiwan: an underrecognized disease with poor outcome. BMC Infect Dis. 2011, 11: 221-10.1186\/1471-2334-11-221. doi:10.1186\/1471-2334-11-221","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"1080_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2011.01.023","volume":"44","author":"CH Kao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kao CH, Kuo YC, Chen CC, Chang YT, Chen YS, Wann SR, Liu YC: Isolated pathogens and clinical outcomes of adult bacteremia in the emergency department: a retrospective study in a tertiary referral center. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2011, 44: 215-221. 10.1016\/j.jmii.2011.01.023.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"1080_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1424-6","volume":"31","author":"MN Al-Hasan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Hasan MN, Eckel-Passow JE, Baddour LM: Impact of healthcare-associated acquisition on community-onset Gram-negative bloodstream infection: a population-based study: healthcare-associated Gram-negative BSI. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012, 31: 1163-1171. 10.1007\/s10096-011-1424-6.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"1080_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-85","volume":"12","author":"R Lenz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lenz R, Leal JR, Church DL, Gregson DB, Ross T, Laupland KB: The distinct category of healthcare associated bloodstream infections. BMC Infect Dis. 2012, 12: 85-10.1186\/1471-2334-12-85. doi:10.1186\/1471-2334-12-85","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"1080_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3568","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00851-07","volume":"51","author":"ST Micek","year":"2007","unstructured":"Micek ST, Kollef KE, Reichley RM, Roubinian N, Kollef MH: Health care-associated pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia: a single-center experience. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007, 51: 3568-3573. 10.1128\/AAC.00851-07.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1080_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-2434","volume":"137","author":"MP Schreiber","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schreiber MP, Chan CM, Shorr AF: Resistant pathogens in Nonnosocomial pneumonia and respiratory failure is it time to refine the definition of health-care-associated pneumonia?. Chest. 2010, 137: 1283-1288. 10.1378\/chest.09-2434.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"1080_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rppneu.2011.01.001","volume":"17","author":"C Guimaraes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guimaraes C, Lares Santos C, Costa F, Barata F: Pneumonia associated with health care versus community acquired pneumonia: different entities, distinct approaches. Rev Port Pneumol. 2011, 17: 168-171. 10.1016\/j.rppneu.2011.01.001.","journal-title":"Rev Port Pneumol"},{"key":"1080_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir274","volume":"53","author":"JD Chalmers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chalmers JD, Taylor JK, Singanayagam A, Fleming GB, Akram AR, Mandal P, Choudhury G, Hill AT: Epidemiology, antibiotic therapy, and clinical outcomes in health care-associated pneumonia: a UK cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2011, 53: 107-113. 10.1093\/cid\/cir274.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1080_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.5578\/tt.2359","volume":"59","author":"MS Ta\u015fbakan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ta\u015fbakan MS, Bacako\u011flu F, Ka\u00e7maz Ba\u015fo\u011flu O, G\u00fcrg\u00fcn A, Ba\u015farik B, \u00c7itim Tuncel S, Sayiner A: The comparison of patients with hospitalized health-care-associated pneumonia to community-acquired pneumonia. T\u00fcberk\u00fcloz ve Toraks Dergisi. 2011, 59: 348-354.","journal-title":"T\u00fcberk\u00fcloz ve Toraks Dergisi"},{"key":"1080_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.51.7987","volume":"51","author":"T Ishida","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ishida T, Tachibana H, Ito A, Yoshioka H, Arita M, Hashimoto T: Clinical characteristics of nursing and healthcare-associated pneumonia: a Japanese variant of healthcare-associated pneumonia. Intern Med. 2012, 51: 2537-2544. 10.2169\/internalmedicine.51.7987.","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"1080_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.51.6475","volume":"51","author":"N Miyashita","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miyashita N, Kawai Y, Akaike H, Ouchi K, Hayashi T, Kurihara T, Okimoto N: Clinical features and the role of atypical pathogens in nursing and healthcare-associated pneumonia (NHCAP): differences between a teaching university hospital and a community hospital. Intern Med. 2012, 51: 585-594. 10.2169\/internalmedicine.51.6475.","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"1080_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2011.09.028","volume":"112","author":"CL Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu CL, Ku SC, Yang KY, Fang WF, Tu CY, Chen CW, Hsu KH, Fan WC, Lin MC, Chen W, Ou CY, Yu CJ: Antimicrobial drug-resistant microbes associated with hospitalized community-acquired and health care-associated pneumonia: a multi-center study in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 2013, 112: 31-40. 10.1016\/j.jfma.2011.09.028.","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"1080_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-011-0344-9","volume":"18","author":"M Sugisaki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sugisaki M, Enomoto T, Shibuya Y, Matsumoto A, Saitoh H, Shingu A, Narato R, Nomura K: Clinical characteristics of healthcare-associated pneumonia in a public hospital in a metropolitan area of Japan. J Infect Chemother. 2012, 18: 352-360. 10.1007\/s10156-011-0344-9.","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"1080_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03757.x","volume":"18","author":"M Giannella","year":"2012","unstructured":"Giannella M, Pinilla B, Capdevila JA, Mart\u00ednez Alarc\u00f3n J, Mu\u00f1oz P, L\u00f3pez \u00c1lvarez J, Bouza E, on behalf of the Estudio de Neumon\u00eda En Medicina Interna (ENEMI) study Group from the Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Medicina Interna (SEMI): Pneumonia treated in the internal medicine department: focus on healthcare-associated pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012, 18: 786-794. 10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03757.x.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"1080_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2007.041","volume":"10","author":"BR Swenson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Swenson BR, Metzger R, Hedrick TL, McElearney ST, Evans HL, Smith RL, Chong TW, Popovsky KA, Pruett TL, Sawyer RG: Choosing antibiotics for intra-abdominal infections: what do we mean by \u201chigh risk\u201d?. Surg Infect. 2009, 10: 29-39. 10.1089\/sur.2007.041.","journal-title":"Surg Infect"},{"key":"1080_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.06.024","volume":"8","author":"M Merli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Merli M, Lucidi C, Giannelli V, Giusto M, Riggio O, Falcone M, Ridola L, Attili AF, Venditti M: Cirrhotic patients are at risk for health care-associated bacterial infections. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010, 8: 979-985. 10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.06.024.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1080_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2011.572907","volume":"43","author":"YE Ha","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ha YE, Kang C-I, Joo E-J, Park SY, Kang SJ, Wi YM, Chung DR, Peck KR, Lee NY, Song J-H: Clinical implications of healthcare-associated infection in patients with community-onset acute pyelonephritis. Scand J Infect Dis. 2011, 43: 587-595. 10.3109\/00365548.2011.572907.","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1080_CR46","first-page":"31","volume":"2010","author":"RW Sy","year":"1890\u20131897","unstructured":"Sy RW, Kritharides L: Health care exposure and age in infective endocarditis: results of a contemporary population-based profile of 1536 patients in Australia. Eur Heart J. 1890\u20131897, 2010: 31.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1080_CR47","first-page":"452","volume":"11","author":"X Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu X, Han X, Ge Y, Wei F: Clinical analysis of healthcare-associated pneumonia. Chin J Infect Chemother. 2011, 11: 452-456.","journal-title":"Chin J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"1080_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2011.04.005","volume":"15","author":"M Falcone","year":"2011","unstructured":"Falcone M, Venditti M, Shindo Y, Kollef MH: Healthcare-associated pneumonia: diagnostic criteria and distinction from community-acquired pneumonia. Int J Infect Dis. 2011, 15: E545-E550. 10.1016\/j.ijid.2011.04.005.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1080_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.01.023","volume":"124","author":"RT Attridge","year":"2011","unstructured":"Attridge RT, Frei CR: Health care-associated pneumonia: an evidence-based review. Am J Med. 2011, 124: 689-697. 10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.01.023.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"1080_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2012.05.006","volume":"23","author":"A Lopez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lopez A, Amaro R, Polverino E: Does health care associated pneumonia really exist?. Eur J Intern Med. 2012, 23: 407-411. 10.1016\/j.ejim.2012.05.006.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"1080_CR51","first-page":"19","volume":"3","author":"J Seddon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Seddon J, Bhagani S: Antimicrobial therapy for the treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV\/AIDS patients: a critical appraisal. HIV Aids. 2011, 3: 19-33.","journal-title":"HIV Aids"},{"key":"1080_CR52","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program","author":"GR Donowitz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Donowitz GR, Maki DG, Crnich CJ, Pappas PG, Rolston KV: Infections in the neutropenic patient--new views of an old problem. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2001, 113-139. doi:10.1182\/asheducation-2001.1.113"},{"key":"1080_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.22.2976","volume":"290","author":"TS Naimi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Naimi TS, LeDell KH, Como-Sabetti K, Borchardt SM, Boxrud DJ, Etienne J, Johnson SK, Vandenesch F, Fridkin S, O\u2019Boyle C, Danila RN, Lynfield R: Comparison of community- and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. JAMA. 2003, 290: 2976-2984. 10.1001\/jama.290.22.2976.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1080_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.11.010","volume":"75","author":"JR Zahar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zahar JR, Lanternier F, Mechai F, Filley F, Taieb F, Mainot EL, Descamps P, Corriol O, Ferroni A, Bille E, Nassif X, Lortholary O: Duration of colonisation by Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and risk factors for persistent faecal carriage. J Hosp Infect. 2010, 75: 76-78. 10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.11.010.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"1080_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2007.12.022","volume":"51","author":"SY Chen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen SY, Wu GH, Chang SC, Hsueh PR, Chiang WC, Lee CC, Ma MH, Hung CC, Chen YC, Su CP, Tsai KC, Chen TH, Chen SC, Chen WJ: Bacteremia in previously hospitalized patients: prolonged effect from previous hospitalization and risk factors for antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections. Ann Emerg Med. 2008, 51: 639-646. 10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2007.12.022.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"1080_CR56","volume-title":"Patient Safety and Quality: an Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses","author":"AS Collins","year":"2008","unstructured":"Collins AS: Preventing health care-associated infections. Patient Safety and Quality: an Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Edited by: Hughes RG. 2008, Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services"},{"key":"1080_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.124776","volume":"65","author":"E Polverino","year":"2010","unstructured":"Polverino E, Dambrava P, Cilloniz C, Balasso V, Marcos MA, Esquinas C, Mensa J, Ewig S, Torres A: Nursing home-acquired pneumonia: a 10\u00a0year single-centre experience. Thorax. 2010, 65: 354-359. 10.1136\/thx.2009.124776.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"1080_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1086\/422317","volume":"39","author":"AA El Solh","year":"2004","unstructured":"El Solh AA, Pietrantoni C, Bhat A, Bhora M, Berbary E: Indicators of potentially drug-resistant bacteria in severe nursing home-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2004, 39: 474-480. 10.1086\/422317.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1080_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1086\/511159","volume":"44","author":"LA Mandell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC, Dowell SF, File TM, Musher DM, Niederman MS, Torres A, Whitney CG, Infectious Diseases Society of America; American Thoracic Society: Infectious Diseases Society of America\/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007, 44: S27-S72. 10.1086\/511159.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1080_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328329fa4e","volume":"22","author":"V Brito","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brito V, Niederman MS: Healthcare-associated pneumonia is a heterogeneous disease, and all patients do not need the same broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy as complex nosocomial pneumonia. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009, 22: 316-325. 10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328329fa4e.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1080_CR61","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Multidrug resistant organism & Clostridium difficile infection (MDRO\/CDI) module. [ http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nhsn\/PDFs\/pscManual\/12pscMDRO_CDADcurrent.pdf ]"}],"container-title":["BMC Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1741-7015-12-40.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1741-7015-12-40\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1741-7015-12-40","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,18]],"date-time":"2016-07-18T14:25:05Z","timestamp":1468851905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1741-7015-12-40"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,6]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1080"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1741-7015-12-40","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-7015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-7015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,6]]},"article-number":"40"}}