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Although CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules play prominent roles in immune regulation and reflect disease status in multiple sclerosis (MS), data in HAM\/TSP are lacking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using flow cytometry, we quantified<jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>expression of CD80 and CD86 in PBMCs of healthy controls, HTLV-1-infected individuals with and without HAM\/TSP, and MS patients. We hypothesized<jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>CD80 and CD86 expressions and their<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>regulation by interferon (IFN)-\u03b1\/\u03b2 mirror similarities between HAM\/TSP and MS and hence might reveal clinically useful biomarkers in HAM\/TSP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Ex vivo<\/jats:italic>expression of CD80 and CD86 in T and B cells increased in all HTLV-1 infected individuals, but with a selective defect for B cell CD86 upregulation in HAM\/TSP. Despite decreased total B cells with increasing disease duration (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0003,<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.72), CD80<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>B cells positively correlated with disease severity (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0017,<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.69) in HAM\/TSP. B cell CD80 expression was higher in women with HAM\/TSP, underscoring that immune markers can reflect the female predominance observed in most autoimmune diseases. In contrast to MS patients, CD80<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>(<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0001) and CD86<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>(<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0054) lymphocytes expanded upon<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>culture in HAM\/TSP patients. The expansion of CD80<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD86<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells but not B cells was associated with increased proliferation in HTLV-1 infection.<jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>treatment with IFN-\u03b2 but not IFN-\u03b1 resulted in a pronounced increase of B cell CD86 expression in healthy controls, as well as in patients with neuroinflammatory disease (HAM\/TSP and MS), similar to<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>treatment in MS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We propose two novel biomarkers,<jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>CD80<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>B cells positively correlating to disease severity and CD86<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>B cells preferentially induced by IFN-\u03b2, which restores defective upregulation in HAM\/TSP. This study suggests a role for B cells in HAM\/TSP pathogenesis and opens avenues to B cell targeting (with proven clinical benefit in MS) in HAM\/TSP but also CD80-directed immunotherapy, unprecedented in both HAM\/TSP and MS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,29]],"date-time":"2014-01-29T02:01:19Z","timestamp":1390960879000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["CD80+ and CD86+B cells as biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis and multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Soraya Maria","family":"Menezes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Decanine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Brassat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Khouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Saul V","family":"Schnitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ramon","family":"Kruschewsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Talledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Gotuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anne-Mieke","family":"Vandamme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Galv\u00e3o-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Liblau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Johan Van","family":"Weyenbergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"940_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7415","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.12.7415","volume":"77","author":"BJ Poiesz","year":"1980","unstructured":"Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gazdar AF, Bunn PA, Minna JD, Gallo RC: Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. 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