{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T16:33:31Z","timestamp":1773333211514,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,16]],"date-time":"2005-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1110931200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,16]],"date-time":"2005-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1110931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Front Zool"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Identifying species of organisms by short sequences of DNA has been in the center of ongoing discussions under the terms DNA barcoding or DNA taxonomy. A C-terminal fragment of the mitochondrial gene for <jats:italic>cytochrome oxidase subunit I<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>COI<\/jats:italic>) has been proposed as universal marker for this purpose among animals.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Herein we present experimental evidence that the mitochondrial <jats:italic>16S rRNA<\/jats:italic> gene fulfills the requirements for a universal DNA barcoding marker in amphibians. In terms of universality of priming sites and identification of major vertebrate clades the studied <jats:italic>16S<\/jats:italic> fragment is superior to <jats:italic>COI<\/jats:italic>. Amplification success was 100% for <jats:italic>16S<\/jats:italic> in a subset of fresh and well-preserved samples of Madagascan frogs, while various combination of <jats:italic>COI<\/jats:italic> primers had lower success rates.<jats:italic>COI<\/jats:italic> priming sites showed high variability among amphibians both at the level of groups and closely related species, whereas <jats:italic>16S<\/jats:italic> priming sites were highly conserved among vertebrates. Interspecific pairwise <jats:italic>16S<\/jats:italic> divergences in a test group of Madagascan frogs were at a level suitable for assignment of larval stages to species (1\u201317%), with low degrees of pairwise haplotype divergence within populations (0\u20131%).<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>We strongly advocate the use of <jats:italic>16S rRNA<\/jats:italic> as standard DNA barcoding marker for vertebrates to complement <jats:italic>COI<\/jats:italic>, especially if samples <jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic> could belong to various phylogenetically distant taxa and false negatives would constitute a major problem.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-2-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,17]],"date-time":"2005-03-17T07:15:53Z","timestamp":1111043753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":397,"title":["Comparative performance of the 16S rRNA gene in DNA barcoding of amphibians"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"Vences","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Meike","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arie","family":"van der Meijden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ylenia","family":"Chiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David R","family":"Vieites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"11_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2002.01485.x","volume":"11","author":"R Floyd","year":"2002","unstructured":"Floyd R, Eyualem A, Papert A, Blaxter ML: Molecular barcodes for soil nematode identification. 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