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Here we report on the studies of the phylogeography of the<jats:italic>Mantella cowani<\/jats:italic>group using a fragment of 453 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome<jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>gene from 195 individuals from 21 localities. This group is represented by five forms:<jats:italic>M. cowani<\/jats:italic>, a critically endangered species, a vulnerable species,<jats:italic>M. haraldmeieri<\/jats:italic>, and the non-threatened<jats:italic>M. baroni, M<\/jats:italic>. aff.<jats:italic>baroni<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>M. nigricans<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Bayesian phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses revealed the presence of three separated haplotype clades: (1)<jats:italic>M. baroni, M<\/jats:italic>. aff.<jats:italic>baroni, M. nigricans<\/jats:italic>, and putative hybrids of<jats:italic>M. cowani<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>M. baroni<\/jats:italic>, (2)<jats:italic>M. cowani<\/jats:italic>and putative hybrids of<jats:italic>M. cowani<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>M. baroni<\/jats:italic>, and (3)<jats:italic>M. haraldmeieri<\/jats:italic>. The putative hybrids were collected from sites where<jats:italic>M. cowani<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>M. baroni<\/jats:italic>live in sympatry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggest (a) a probable hybridization between<jats:italic>M. cowani<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>M. baroni<\/jats:italic>, (b) a lack of genetic differentiation between<jats:italic>M. baroni\/M<\/jats:italic>. aff.<jats:italic>baroni<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>M. nigricans<\/jats:italic>, (c) evidence of recent gene-flow between the northern (<jats:italic>M. nigricans<\/jats:italic>), eastern (<jats:italic>M. baroni<\/jats:italic>), and south-eastern (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. aff.<jats:italic>baroni<\/jats:italic>) forms of distinct coloration, and (d) the existence of at least three units for conservation in the<jats:italic>Mantella cowani<\/jats:italic>group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-4-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,9]],"date-time":"2007-01-09T07:20:01Z","timestamp":1168327201000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Evidence for recent gene flow between north-eastern and south-eastern Madagascan poison frogs from a phylogeography of the Mantella cowani group"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Falitiana CE","family":"Rabemananjara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ylenia","family":"Chiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Olga Ravoahangimalala","family":"Ramilijaona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Vences","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"45_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/35002501","volume":"403","author":"N Myers","year":"2000","unstructured":"Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, de Fonseca GAB, Kent J: Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. 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