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The dog is the domestic reservoir host but other animals like the fox (<jats:italic>Vulpes vulpes<\/jats:italic>) and rodents are known to maintain the infection in both sylvatic and domestic cycles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify the role of synanthropic rodents<jats:italic>Mus musculus<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Rattus norvegicus<\/jats:italic>as reservoir hosts for<jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>natural infection, 30 rodents were captured under a trap rodent control program in two private dog shelters from Sintra and Sesimbra, located in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, known to be endemic for canine leishmaniosis in Portugal. Tissue samples were screened for the presence of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>amastigotes by qPCR and parasitological analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 33.3% (9\/27) of<jats:italic>Mus musculus<\/jats:italic>rodents revealed the presence of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>spp. DNA while 29.6% (8\/27) were positive in the parasitological analysis. Concerning<jats:italic>Rattus norvegicus<\/jats:italic>(n=3), one animal revealed infection only by parasitological analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results identified for the first time in Portugal the presence of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>infection in both rodent species. As susceptible hosts, infected<jats:italic>Mus musculus<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Rattus norvegicus<\/jats:italic>may increase the risk for dog and human infection in households and surrounding areas, enhancing the need for efficient rodent control measures in shelters and risk zones to prevent transmission of the infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-88","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,8]],"date-time":"2013-04-08T10:18:06Z","timestamp":1365416286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Natural infection of synathropic rodent species Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus by Leishmania infantum in Sesimbra and Sintra \u2013 Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Marcos","family":"Helhazar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isabel Pereira","family":"da Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"892_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-081X(96)00041-7","volume":"14","author":"RW Ashford","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ashford RW: Leishmaniasis reservoirs and their significance in control. 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