{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T16:11:11Z","timestamp":1764259871457,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,11]],"date-time":"2014-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1402444800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,11]],"date-time":"2014-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1402444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Crit Care"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Elevated brain potassium levels ([K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>]) are associated with neuronal damage in experimental models. The role of brain extracellular [K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] in patients with poor-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and its association with hemorrhage load, metabolic dysfunction and outcome has not been studied so far.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Cerebral microdialysis (CMD) samples from 28 poor grade aSAH patients were analyzed for CMD [K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] for 12 consecutive days after ictus, and time-matched to brain metabolic and hemodynamic parameters as well as corresponding plasma [K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>]. Statistical analysis was performed using a generalized estimating equation with an autoregressive function to handle repeated observations of an individual patient.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>CMD [K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] did not correlate with plasma [K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] (Spearman\u2019s \u03c1\u2009=\u20090.114, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.109). Higher CMD [K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] was associated with the presence of intracerebral hematoma on admission head computed tomography, CMD lactate\/pyruvate ratio &gt;40 and CMD lactate &gt;4\u00a0mmol\/L (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> retrodialysis data suggest that high CMD [K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] was of brain cellular origin. Higher CMD [K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] was significantly associated with poor 3-month outcome, even after adjusting for age and disease severity (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01).<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The results of this pilot study suggest that brain extracellular [K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] may serve as a biomarker for brain tissue injury in poor-grade aSAH patients. Further studies are needed to elucidate the relevance of brain interstitial K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> levels in the pathophysiology of secondary brain injury after aSAH.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,11]],"date-time":"2014-06-11T09:07:26Z","timestamp":1402477646000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Higher brain extracellular potassium is associated with brain metabolic distress and poor outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ana Patr\u00edcia","family":"Antunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alois Josef","family":"Schiefecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ronny","family":"Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Pfausler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Sohm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anelia","family":"Dietmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Lackner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Werner Oskar","family":"Hackl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Ndayisaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Claudius","family":"Thom\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Erich","family":"Schmutzhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Raimund","family":"Helbok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2893_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1985.65.1.101","volume":"65","author":"AJ Hansen","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hansen AJ: Effect of anoxia on ion distribution in the brain.\n                           Physiol Rev 1985, 65: 101-148.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2893_CR2","first-page":"353","volume-title":"Vascular Neuroeffector Mechanisms: 4th International Symposium","author":"OOK Ohta","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ohta OOK, Siguma M, Yamamoto M, Shimizu K, Toda N: Cerebral vasospasm following ruptured intracranial aneurysms, especially some contributions of potassium ion released from subarachnoid hematoma to delayed cerebral vasospasm. 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