{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T18:16:54Z","timestamp":1774721814901,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]],"date-time":"2009-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1239753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]],"date-time":"2009-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1239753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Crit Care"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The optimal dialysis dose for the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI) is controversial. We sought to evaluate the relationship between renal replacement therapy (RRT) dose and outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>We performed a prospective multicentre observational study in 30 intensive care units (ICUs) in eight countries from June 2005 to December 2007. Delivered RRT dose was calculated in patients treated exclusively with either continuous RRT (CRRT) or intermittent RRT (IRRT) during their ICU stay. Dose was categorised into more-intensive (CRRT \u2265 35 ml\/kg\/hour, IRRT \u2265 6 sessions\/week) or less-intensive (CRRT &lt; 35 ml\/kg\/hour, IRRT &lt; 6 sessions\/week). The main outcome measures were ICU mortality, ICU length of stay and duration of mechanical ventilation.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Of 15,200 critically ill patients admitted during the study period, 553 AKI patients were treated with RRT, including 338 who received CRRT only and 87 who received IRRT only. For CRRT, the median delivered dose was 27.1 ml\/kg\/hour (interquartile range (IQR) = 22.1 to 33.9). For IRRT, the median dose was 7 sessions\/week (IQR = 5 to 7). Only 22% of CRRT patients and 64% of IRRT patients received a more-intensive dose. Crude ICU mortality among CRRT patients were 60.8% vs. 52.5% (more-intensive vs. less-intensive groups, respectively). In IRRT, this was 23.6 vs. 19.4%, respectively. On multivariable analysis, there was no significant association between RRT dose and ICU mortality (Odds ratio (OR) more-intensive vs. less-intensive: CRRT OR = 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.66 to 2.21; IRRT OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 0.48 to 4.67). Among survivors, shorter ICU stay and duration of mechanical ventilation were observed in the more-intensive RRT groups (more-intensive vs. less-intensive for all: CRRT (median): 15 (IQR = 8 to 26) vs. 19.5 (IQR = 12 to 33.5) ICU days, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.063; 7 (IQR = 4 to 17) vs. 14 (IQR = 5 to 24) ventilation days, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.031; IRRT: 8 (IQR = 5.5 to 14) vs. 18 (IQR = 13 to 35) ICU days, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.008; 2.5 (IQR = 0 to 10) vs. 12 (IQR = 3 to 24) ventilation days, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.026).<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>After adjustment for multiple variables, these data provide no evidence for a survival benefit afforded by higher dose RRT. However, more-intensive RRT was associated with a favourable effect on ICU stay and duration of mechanical ventilation among survivors. This result warrants further exploration.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Cochrane Renal Group (CRG110600093).<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/cc7784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]],"date-time":"2009-04-15T18:13:16Z","timestamp":1239819196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":175,"title":["Delivered dose of renal replacement therapy and mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sergio","family":"Vesconi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dinna N","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Fumagalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Detlef","family":"Kindgen-Milles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gianpaola","family":"Monti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anibal","family":"Marinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Mariano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Formica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mariano","family":"Marchesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Robert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Livigni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Ronco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"the DOse REsponse Multicentre International collaborative Initiative (DO-RE-MI Study Group)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"7217_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)70238-5","volume":"365","author":"N Lameire","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R: Acute renal failure. Lancet. 2005, 365: 417-430.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"7217_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03361006","volume":"2","author":"DN Cruz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cruz DN, Bolgan I, Perazella MA, Bonello M, de Cal M, Corradi V, Polanco N, Ocampo C, Nalesso F, Piccinni P, Ronco C: North East Italian Prospective Hospital Renal Outcome Survey on Acute Kidney Injury (NEiPHROS-AKI) Investigators. North East Italian Prospective Hospital Renal Outcome Survey on Acute Kidney Injury (NEiPHROS-AKI): targeting the problem with the RIFLE Criteria. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007, 2: 418-425. 10.2215\/CJN.03361006.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"7217_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.7.813","volume":"294","author":"S Uchino","year":"2005","unstructured":"Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Doig GS, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, Schetz M, Tan I, Bouman C, Macedo E, Gibney N, Tolwani A, Ronco C: Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy for the Kidney (BEST Kidney) Investigators. Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA. 2005, 294: 813-818. 10.1001\/jama.294.7.813.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"7217_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02430-2","volume":"356","author":"C Ronco","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ronco C, Bellomo R, Homel P, Brendolan A, Dan M, Piccinni P, La Greca G: Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration on outcomes of acute renal failure: a prospective randomized trial. Lancet. 2000, 356: 26-30. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02430-2.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"7217_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200210000-00005","volume":"30","author":"CS Bouman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bouman CS, Oudemans-Van Straaten HM, Tijssen JG, Zandstra DF, Kesecioglu J: Effects of early high-volume continuous venovenous hemofiltration on survival and recovery of renal function in intensive care patients with acute renal failure: a prospective, randomized trial. Crit Care Med. 2002, 30: 2205-2211. 10.1097\/00003246-200210000-00005.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"7217_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010877","volume":"346","author":"H Schiffl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schiffl H, Lang SM, Fischer R: Daily hemodialysis and the outcome of acute renal failure. N Engl J Med. 2002, 346: 305-310. 10.1056\/NEJMoa010877.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"7217_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001705","volume":"70","author":"P Saudan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saudan P, Niederberger M, De Seigneux S, Romand J, Pugin J, Perneger T, Martin PY: Adding a dialysis dose to continuous hemofiltration increases survival in patients with acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 2006, 70: 1312-1317. 10.1038\/sj.ki.5001705.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"7217_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007111173","volume":"19","author":"AJ Tolwani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tolwani AJ, Campbell RC, Stofan BS, Lai KR, Oster RA, Wille KM: Standard versus high-dose CVVHDF for ICU-related acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008, 19: 1233-1238. 10.1681\/ASN.2007111173.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"7217_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802639","volume":"359","author":"PM Palevsky","year":"2008","unstructured":"VA\/NIH Acute Renal Failure Trial Network, Palevsky PM, Zhang JH, O'Connor TZ, Chertow GM, Crowley ST, Choudhury D, Finkel K, Kellum JA, Paganini E, Schein RM, Smith MW, Swanson KM, Thompson BT, Vijayan A, Watnick S, Star RA, Peduzzi P: Intensity of renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med. 2008, 359: 7-20. 10.1056\/NEJMoa0802639.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"7217_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880502800503","volume":"28","author":"JA Kellum","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Ronco C, Mehta R, Clark W, Levin NW: The 3rd International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI). Int J Artif Organs. 2005, 28: 441-444.","journal-title":"Int J Artif Organs"},{"key":"7217_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880502800504","volume":"28","author":"JA Kellum","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kellum JA, Venkataraman R: Application of blood purification to non-renal organ failure. Int J Artif Organs. 2005, 28: 445-449.","journal-title":"Int J Artif Organs"},{"key":"7217_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfi296","volume":"21","author":"Z Ricci","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ricci Z, Ronco C, D'Amico G, De Felice R, Rossi S, Bolgan I, Bonello M, Zamperetti N, Petras D, Salvatori G, Dan M, Piccinni P: Practice patterns in the management of acute renal failure in the critically ill patient: an international survey. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006, 21: 690-696. 10.1093\/ndt\/gfi296.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"7217_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00780207","volume":"2","author":"P Overberger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Overberger P, Pesacreta M, Palevsky PM: VA\/NIH Acute Renal Failure Trial Network. Management of renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury: a survey of practitioner prescribing practices. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007, 2: 623-630. 10.2215\/CJN.00780207.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"7217_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R396","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3718","volume":"9","author":"D Kindgen-Milles","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kindgen-Milles D, Journois D, Fumagalli R, Vesconi S, Maynar J, Marinho A, Bolgan I, Brendolan A, Formica M, Livigni S, Maio M, Marchesi M, Mariano F, Monti G, Moretti E, Silengo D, Ronco C: Study protocol: the dose response Multicentre International Collaborative Initiative (DO-RE-MI). Crit Care. 2005, 9: R396-R406. 10.1186\/cc3718.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"7217_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R204","DOI":"10.1186\/cc2872","volume":"8","author":"R Bellomo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P: Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative workgroup. Acute renal failure \u2013 definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care. 2004, 8: R204-212. 10.1186\/cc2872.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"7217_CR16","unstructured":"Dose response Multicentre International Collaborative Initiative (DO-RE-MI) website. [http:\/\/www.acutevision.net]"},{"key":"7217_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/089686088900900405","volume":"9","author":"P Keshaviah","year":"1989","unstructured":"Keshaviah P, Nolph K, Van Stone J: The peak concentration hypothesis: a urea kinetic approach to comparing the adequacy of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. Perit Dial Int. 1989, 9: 257-260.","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"7217_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/13.suppl_6.10","volume":"13","author":"F Gotch","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gotch F: The current place of urea kinetic modelling with respect to different dialysis schedule. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998, 13 (Suppl 6): 10-14. 10.1093\/ndt\/13.suppl_6.10.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"7217_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.ndt.a027616","volume":"11","author":"F Casino","year":"1996","unstructured":"Casino F, Lopez F: The equivalent renal urea clearance: a new parameter to asses dialysis dose. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996, 11: 1574-1581.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"7217_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R266","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3517","volume":"9","author":"Z Ricci","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ricci Z, Salvatori G, Bonello M, Pisitkun T, Bolgan I, D'Amico G, Dan M, Piccinni P, Ronco C: In vivo validation of the adequacy calculator for continuous renal replacement therapies. Crit Care. 2005, 9: R266-273. 10.1186\/cc3517.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"7217_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880703000402","volume":"30","author":"S Uchino","year":"2007","unstructured":"Uchino S, Bellomo R, Kellum JA, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, Schetz MR, Tan I, Bouman C, Macedo E, Gibney N, Tolwani A, Oudemans-Van Straaten HM, Ronco C: Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy for the Kidney (B.E.S.T. Kidney) Investigators Writing Committee. Patient and kidney survival by dialysis modality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Int J Artif Organs. 2007, 30: 281-292.","journal-title":"Int J Artif Organs"},{"key":"7217_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3132","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006030268","volume":"17","author":"KC Cho","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cho KC, Himmelfarb J, Paganini E, Ikizler TA, Soroko SH, Mehta RL, Chertow GM: Survival by dialysis modality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006, 17: 3132-3138. 10.1681\/ASN.2006030268.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"7217_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-8-200210150-00015","volume":"137","author":"LE Braitman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Braitman LE, Rosenbaum PR: Rare outcomes, common treatments: analytic strategies using propensity scores. Ann Intern Med. 2002, 137: 693-695.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"7217_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneph0398","volume":"3","author":"JA Kellum","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kellum JA: Renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with acute renal failure: does a greater dose improve survival?. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2007, 3 (3): 128-139. 10.1038\/ncpneph0398.","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Nephrol"},{"key":"7217_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0754-4","volume":"33","author":"S Uchino","year":"2007","unstructured":"Uchino S, Bellomo R, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, Schetz M, Tan I, Bouman C, Macedo E, Gibney N, Tolwani A, Oudemans-van Straaten H, Ronco C, Kellum JA: Continuous renal replacement therapy: a worldwide practice survey. The beginning and ending supportive therapy for the kidney (B.E.S.T. kidney) investigators. Intensive Care Med. 2007, 33: 1563-1570. 10.1007\/s00134-007-0754-4.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"7217_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(98)70127-1","volume":"32","author":"JA Evanson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Evanson JA, Himmelfarb J, Wingard R, Knights S, Shyr Y, Schulman G, Ikizler TA, Hakim RM: Prescribed versus delivered dialysis in acute renal failure patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998, 32: 731-738. 10.1016\/S0272-6386(98)70127-1.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"7217_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1053\/jcrc.2002.36757","volume":"17","author":"R Venkataraman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Venkataraman R, Kellum JA, Palevsky P: Dosing patterns for continuous renal replacement therapy at a large academic medical center in the United States. J Crit Care. 2002, 17: 246-250. 10.1053\/jcrc.2002.36757.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"7217_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00520705","volume":"1","author":"Z Ricci","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ricci Z, Bellomo R, Ronco C: Dose of dialysis in acute renal failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006, 1: 380-388. 10.2215\/CJN.00520705.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"7217_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(96)90084-0","volume":"28","author":"EP Paganini","year":"1996","unstructured":"Paganini EP, Tapolyai M, Goormastic M, Halstenberg W, Kozlowski L, Leblanc M, Lee JC, Moreno L, Sakai K: Establishing a dialysis therapy\/patient outcome link in intensive care unit acute dialysis for patients with acute renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 1996, 28: S81-S89. 10.1016\/S0272-6386(96)90084-0.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"7217_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.0600031154.x","volume":"60","author":"RL Mehta","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mehta RL, McDonald B, Gabbai FB, Pahl M, Pascual MT, Farkas A, Kaplan RM: Collaborative Group for Treatment of ARF in the ICU. A randomized clinical trial of continuous versus intermittent dialysis for acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 2001, 60: 1154-1163. 10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.0600031154.x.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"7217_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1186\/cc7016","volume":"12","author":"C Ronco","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ronco C, Cruz D, van Straaten HO, Honore P, House A, Bin D, Gibney N: Dialysis dose in acute kidney injury: no time for therapeutic nihilism \u2013 a critical appraisal of the Acute Renal Failure Trial Network study. Crit Care. 2008, 12: 308-315. 10.1186\/cc7016.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"7217_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002397","volume":"72","author":"KJ Jager","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jager KJ, Stel VS, Wanner C, Zoccali C, Dekker FW: The valuable contribution of observational studies to nephrology. Kidney Int. 2007, 72: 671-675. 10.1038\/sj.ki.5002397.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"7217_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200422120-00003","volume":"22","author":"H Burchardi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Burchardi H, Schneider H: Economic aspects of severe sepsis: a review of intensive care unit costs, cost of illness and cost effectiveness of therapy. Pharmacoeconomics. 2004, 22: 793-813. 10.2165\/00019053-200422120-00003.","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"7217_CR34","first-page":"1960","volume":"359","author":"J Mayner-Moliner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mayner-Moliner J, Sanchez-Izqierdo-Riera J, Herrera-Guitierrez M: Renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med. 2008, 359: 1960-1960.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"7217_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-2275-3_22","volume-title":"\"Adequacy of hemodialysis\" in Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis","author":"R Suri","year":"2004","unstructured":"Suri R, Blake PG: \"Adequacy of hemodialysis\" in Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis. Edited by: H\u00f6rl WH, Koch KM, Lindsay RM, Ronco C, Winchester JF. 2004, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 597-638."},{"key":"7217_CR36","first-page":"146","volume-title":"Handbook of Dialysis","author":"J Daugirdas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Daugirdas J, Kjellstrand C: Chronic hemodialysis prescription: a urea kinetic approach. Handbook of Dialysis. Edited by: Daugirdas J, Blake P, Ing T. 2001, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 146-169."}],"container-title":["Critical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/cc7784.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/cc7784\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/cc7784.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T12:44:05Z","timestamp":1728305045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ccforum.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/cc7784"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]}},"alternative-id":["7217"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/cc7784","relation":{},"ISSN":["1364-8535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1364-8535","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 November 2008","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 April 2009","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2009","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2009","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"R57"}}