{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T15:49:50Z","timestamp":1769442590662,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009044","name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Kaiserslautern","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009044","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurodevelop Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neurotypical individuals categorize items even during ultra-rapid presentations (20\u00a0ms; see Thorpe et al. Nature 381: 520, 1996). In cognitively able autistic adults, these semantic categorization processes may be impaired and\/or may require additional time, specifically for the categorization of atypical compared to typical items. Here, we investigated how typicality structures influence ultra-rapid categorization in cognitively able autistic and neurotypical male adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Images representing typical or atypical exemplars of two different categories (food\/animals) were presented for 23.5 vs. 82.3\u00a0ms (short\/long). We analyzed detection rates, reaction times, and the event-related potential components dN150, N1, P2, N2, and P3 for each group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Behavioral results suggest slower and less correct responses to atypical compared to typical images. This typicality effect was larger for the category with less distinct boundaries (food) and observed in both groups. However, electrophysiological data indicate a different time course of typicality effects, suggesting that neurotypical adults categorize atypical images based on simple features (P2), whereas cognitively able autistic adults categorize later, based on arbitrary features of atypical images (P3).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found evidence that all three factors under investigation \u2014 category, typicality, and presentation time \u2014 modulated specific aspects of semantic categorization. Additionally, we observed a qualitatively different pattern in the autistic adults, which suggests that they relied on different cognitive processes to complete the task.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-022-09457-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T14:02:53Z","timestamp":1661263373000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Is the dolphin a fish? ERP evidence for the impact of typicality during early visual processing in ultra-rapid semantic categorization in autism spectrum disorder"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ann-Kathrin","family":"Beck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Czernochowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6901-5935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Lachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Barahona-Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joana C.","family":"Carmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"9457_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.12.005","volume":"31","author":"DG Amaral","year":"2008","unstructured":"Amaral DG, Schumann CM, Nordahl CW. Neuroanatomy of autism. Trends Neurosci. 2008;31(3):137\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2007.12.005.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"9457_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.978089042559","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.978089042559.","edition":"5"},{"issue":"2","key":"9457_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S1385-299X(01)00055-1","volume":"7","author":"A Antal","year":"2001","unstructured":"Antal A, K\u00e9ri S, Kov\u00e1cs G, Liszli P, Janka Z, Benedek G. Event-related potentials from a visual categorization task. Brain Res Protoc. 2001;7(2):131\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1385-299X(01)00055-1.","journal-title":"Brain Res Protoc"},{"key":"9457_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21252","volume":"294","author":"GJ Blatt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Blatt GJ, Fatemi SH. Alterations in GABAergic biomarkers in the autism brain: research findings and clinical implications. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2011;294:1646\u201352.","journal-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"1","key":"9457_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2540-4","volume":"46","author":"JC Carmo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carmo JC, Duarte E, Pinho S, Filipe CN, Marques JF. Preserved proactive interference in autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2016;46(1):53\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-015-2540-4.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"9457_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12176","volume":"14","author":"JC Carmo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carmo JC, Martins F, Pinho S, Barahona-Correa B, Ventura P, Filipe CN. We see the orange not the lemon: typicality effects in ultra-rapid categorization in adults with and without autism spectrum disorder. J Neuropsychol. 2020;14(1):154\u201364.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychol"},{"key":"9457_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2016.1207754","volume":"39","author":"JC Carmo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carmo JC, Souza C, Gon\u00e7alves F, Pinho S, Filipe CN, Lachmann T. Effects of categorical representation on visuo-spatial working memory in autism spectrum disorder. J Exp Clin Neuropsychol. 2017;39:131\u201341.","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"9457_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20449","volume":"29","author":"A Chen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen A, Xu P, Wang Q, Luo Y, Yuan J, Yao D, Li H. The timing of cognitive control in partially incongruent categorization. Hum Brain Mapp. 2008;29(9):1028\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.20449.doi:10.1002\/hbm.20449.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"9457_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cohen MX. Analyzing neural time series data: theory and practice. MIT press; 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7551\/mitpress\/9609.001.0001.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9609.001.0001"},{"key":"9457_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10048-006-0045-1","volume":"7","author":"AL Collins","year":"2006","unstructured":"Collins AL, Ma D, Whitehead PL, Martin ER, Wright HH, Abramson RK, Hussman JP, Haines JL, Cuccaro ML, Gilbert JR, Pericak-Vance MA. Investigation of autism and GABA receptor subunit genes in multiple ethnic groups. Neurogenetics. 2006;7:167\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10048-006-0045-1.","journal-title":"Neurogenetics"},{"issue":"12","key":"9457_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3995","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3590-1","volume":"48","author":"K Cooper","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cooper K, Smith LG, Russell AJ. Gender identity in autism: sex differences in social affiliation with gender groups. J Autism Dev Disord. 2018;48(12):3995\u20134006.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"9457_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2010.00021","volume":"1","author":"A Delorme","year":"2010","unstructured":"Delorme A, Richard G, Fabre-Thorpe M. Key visual features for rapid categorization of animals in natural scenes. Front Psychol. 2010;1:21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2010.00021.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9457_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1162\/089892901564234","volume":"13","author":"M Fabre-Thorpe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fabre-Thorpe M, Delorme A, Marlot C, Thorpe S. A limit to the speed of processing in ultra-rapid visual categorization of novel natural scenes. J Cogn Neurosci. 2001;13(2):171\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/089892901564234.","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"9457_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00243","volume":"2","author":"M Fabre-Thorpe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fabre-Thorpe M. The characteristics and limits of rapid visual categorization. Front Psychol. 2011;2:243.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"9457_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01430-0","volume":"52","author":"SH Fatemi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fatemi SH, Halt AR, Stary JM, Kanodia R, Schulz SC, Realmuto GR. Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67 kDa proteins are reduced in autistic parietal and cerebellar cortices. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52:805\u201310.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"9457_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0646-7","volume":"39","author":"SH Fatemi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fatemi SH, Reutiman TJ, Folsom TD, Thuras PD. GABA(A) receptor downregulation in brains of subjects with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2009;39:223\u201330.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"9457_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2078-x","volume":"44","author":"SH Fatemi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fatemi SH, Reutiman TJ, Folsom TD, Rustan OG, Rooney RJ, Thuras PD. Downregulation of GABAA receptor protein subunits alpha6, beta2, delta, epsilon, gamma2, theta, and rho2 in superior frontal cortex of subjects with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44:1833\u201345.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"9457_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2007.00602.x","volume":"45","author":"JR Folstein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Folstein JR, Van Petten C. Influence of cognitive control and mismatch on the N2 component of the ERP: a review. Psychophysiology. 2008;45(1):152\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2007.00602.x.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"9457_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.01.008","volume":"45","author":"MS Gaffrey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gaffrey MS, Kleinhans NM, Haist F, Akshoomoff N, Campbell A, Courchesne E, et al. Atypical [corrected] participation of visual cortex during word processing in autism: an fMRI study of semantic decision. Neuropsychologia. 2007;45(8):1672\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.01.008.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"9457_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.00969.x","volume":"77","author":"HZ Gastgeb","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gastgeb HZ, Strauss MS, Minshew NJ. Do individuals with autism process categories differently? The effect of typicality and development. Child Dev. 2006;77(6):1717\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.00969.x.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"9457_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1044\/lle19.2.66","volume":"19","author":"HZ Gastgeb","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gastgeb HZ, Strauss MS. Categorization in ASD: the role of typicality and development. Perspect Lang Learn educ. 2012;19(2):66\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/lle19.2.66.","journal-title":"Perspect Lang Learn educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"9457_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177706545","volume":"29","author":"S Geisser","year":"1958","unstructured":"Geisser S, Greenhouse SW. An extension of box\u2019s results on the use of the F distribution in multivariate analysis. Ann Math Stat. 1958;29(3):885\u201391.","journal-title":"Ann Math Stat"},{"issue":"8","key":"9457_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3004","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003004","volume":"3","author":"S Hoffmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hoffmann S, Falkenstein M. The correction of eye blink artefacts in the EEG: a comparison of two prominent methods. PLoS ONE. 2008;3(8):e3004.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"9457_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361319864804","volume":"24","author":"L Hull","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hull L, Lai MC, Baron-Cohen S, Allison C, Smith P, Petrides KV, Mandy W. Gender differences in self-reported camouflaging in autistic and non-autistic adults. Autism. 2020;24(2):352\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361319864804.","journal-title":"Autism."},{"key":"9457_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(58)90053-1","volume":"10","author":"HH Jasper","year":"1958","unstructured":"Jasper HH. The ten-twenty electrode system of the International Federation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1958;10:370\u20135.","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9457_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(84)90009-4","volume":"16","author":"P Jolicoeur","year":"1984","unstructured":"Jolicoeur P, Gluck MA, Kosslyn SM. Pictures and names: making the connection. Cogn Psychol. 1984;16(2):243\u201375.","journal-title":"Cogn Psychol"},{"issue":"26","key":"9457_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.09.013","volume":"47","author":"OR Joubert","year":"2007","unstructured":"Joubert OR, Rousselet GA, Fize D, Fabre-Thorpe M. Processing scene context: fast categorization and object interference. Vision Res. 2007;47(26):3286\u201397.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"9457_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00386-2","volume":"111","author":"TP Jung","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jung TP, Makeig S, Westerfield M, Townsend J, Courchesne E, Sejnowski TJ. Removal of eye activity artifacts from visual event-related potentials in normal and clinical subjects. Clin Neurophysiol. 2000;111(10):1745\u201358.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9457_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195745","volume":"29","author":"M Kiefer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kiefer M. Perceptual and semantic sources of category-specific effects: event-related potentials during picture and word categorization. Mem Cognit. 2001;29(1):100\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03195745.","journal-title":"Mem Cognit"},{"issue":"1","key":"9457_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401001080","volume":"13","author":"LG Klinger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Klinger LG, Dawson G. Prototype formation in autism. Dev Psychopathol. 2001;13(1):111\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579401001080.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"9457_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1017\/s0048577201990559","volume":"38","author":"A Kok","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kok A. On the utility of P3 amplitude as a measure of processing capacity. Psychophysiology. 2001;38(3):557\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0048577201990559.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"9457_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20835","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020835","volume":"6","author":"MC Lai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lai MC, Lombardo MV, Pasco G, Ruigrok AN, Wheelwright SJ, Sadek SA, Baron-Cohen S. A behavioral comparison of male and female adults with high functioning autism spectrum conditions. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(6):e20835.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4106","key":"9457_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12135-3","volume":"10","author":"D Lindh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lindh D, Sligte IG, Assecondi S, Shapiro KL, Charest I. Conscious perception of natural images is constrained by category-related visual features. Nat Commun. 2019;10(4106):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-12135-3.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"9457_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194950","volume":"30","author":"TJ Lloyd-Jones","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lloyd-Jones TJ, Luckhurst L. Outline shape is a mediator of object recognition that is particularly important for living things. Mem Cognit. 2002;30:489\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03194950.","journal-title":"Mem Cognit"},{"key":"9457_CR35","volume-title":"Event-related potentials: a methods handbook","author":"SJ Luck","year":"2005","unstructured":"Luck SJ. Event-related potentials: a methods handbook. 2005."},{"issue":"3","key":"9457_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039184","volume":"144","author":"ML Mack","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mack ML, Palmeri TJ. The dynamics of categorization: unraveling rapid categorization. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2015;144(3):551.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"9457_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Macmillan NA, Creelman CD. Detection theory: a user\u2019s guide. Psychological Press; 2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781410611147.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410611147"},{"key":"9457_CR38","unstructured":"Macmillan NA, Creelman CD. Detection theory: a user\u2019s guide. Cambridge University Press; 1991."},{"issue":"4","key":"9457_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6904a1","volume":"69","author":"MJ Maenner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maenner MJ, Shaw KA, Baio J, Washington A, Patrick M, Dirienzo M, Dietz PM. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years-autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2020;69(4):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.ss6904a1.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"issue":"3","key":"9457_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2009.08.018","volume":"71","author":"MJ Maguire","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maguire MJ, Brier MR, Moore PS, Ferree TC, Ray D, Mostofsky S, Kraut MA. The influence of perceptual and semantic categorization on inhibitory processing as measured by the N2\u2013P3 response. Brain Cogn. 2009;71(3):196\u2013203.","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"issue":"3","key":"9457_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(85)90015-2","volume":"62","author":"G McCarthy","year":"1985","unstructured":"McCarthy G, Wood CC. Scalp distributions of event-related potentials: an ambiguity associated with analysis of variance models. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1985;62(3):203\u20138.","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9457_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/1368282031000154204","volume":"38","author":"J McCann","year":"2003","unstructured":"McCann J, Pepp\u00e9 S. Prosody in autism spectrum disorders: a critical review. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2003;38(4):325\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1368282031000154204.","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"9457_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-019-00183-w","volume":"7","author":"TC McFayden","year":"2020","unstructured":"McFayden TC, Antezana L, Albright J, Muskett A, Scarpa A. Sex differences in an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis: are restricted repetitive behaviors and interests the key? Rev J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;7(2):119\u201326.","journal-title":"Rev J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"9457_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.16.3.327","volume":"16","author":"NJ Minshew","year":"2002","unstructured":"Minshew NJ, Meyer J, Goldstein G. Abstract reasoning in autism: a disassociation between concept formation and concept identification. Neuropsychology. 2002;16(3):327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0894-4105.16.3.327.","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"9457_CR45","volume-title":"Asperger syndrome diagnostic scale","author":"BS Myles","year":"2001","unstructured":"Myles BS, Bock SJ, Simpson RL. Asperger syndrome diagnostic scale. Austin: PRO-ED; 2001."},{"key":"9457_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.88","volume":"2","author":"A Oblak","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oblak A, Gibbs TT, Blatt GJ. Decreased GABAA receptors and benzodiazepine binding sites in the anterior cingulate cortex in autism. Autism Res. 2009;2:205\u201319.","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"9457_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06858.x","volume":"114","author":"AL Oblak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oblak AL, Gibbs TT, Blatt GJ. Decreased GABA(B) receptors in the cingulate cortex and fusiform gyrus in autism. J Neurochem. 2010;114:1414\u201323.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"9457_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.09.021","volume":"1380","author":"AL Oblak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oblak AL, Gibbs TT, Blatt GJ. Reduced GABAA receptors and benzodiazepine binding sites in the posterior cingulate cortex and fusiform gyrus in autism. Brain Res. 2011;1380:218\u201328.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"9457_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1080\/02724980042000543","volume":"54","author":"M O\u2019Riordan","year":"2001","unstructured":"O\u2019Riordan M, Plaisted K. Enhanced discrimination in autism. Q J Exp Psychol A. 2001;54(4):961\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02724980042000543.","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol A."},{"issue":"2","key":"9457_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90180-6","volume":"72","author":"F Perrin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Perrin F, Pernier J, Bertrand O, Echallier JF. Spherical splines for scalp potential and current density mapping. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1989;72(2):184\u20137.","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"9457_CR51","first-page":"149","volume-title":"The development of autism: perspectives from theory and research","author":"KC Plaisted","year":"2001","unstructured":"Plaisted KC. Reduced generalization in autism: an alternative to weak central coherence. In: Burack JA, Charman T, Yirmiya N, Zelazo PR, editors. The development of autism: perspectives from theory and research. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; 2001. p. 149\u201369."},{"issue":"1","key":"9457_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-8-24","volume":"8","author":"AM Proverbio","year":"2007","unstructured":"Proverbio AM, Del Zotto M, Zani A. The emergence of semantic categorization in early visual processing: ERP indices of animal vs. artifact recognition. BMC Neurosci. 2007;8(1):24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2202-8-24.","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"9457_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.9.1618","volume":"57","author":"AE Purcell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Purcell AE, Jeon OH, Zimmerman AW, Blue ME, Pevsner J. Postmortem brain abnormalities of the glutamate neurotransmitter system in autism. Neurology. 2001;57:1618\u201328.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"9457_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Queiroz-Garcia I, Espirito Santo H, Pires C. Propriedades psicom\u00e9tricas da forma geral das Matrizes Progressivas de Raven numa amostra portuguesa. Revista Portuguesa De Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Comportamental E Social.\u00a02021;7(1):84\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31211\/rpics.2021.7.1.210.","DOI":"10.31211\/rpics.2021.7.1.210"},{"key":"9457_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2019.107769","volume":"148","author":"R Rac-Lubashevsky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rac-Lubashevsky R, Kessler Y. Revisiting the relationship between the P3b and working memory updating. Biol Psychol. 2019;148:107769.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9457_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.4.662","volume":"161","author":"N Ramoz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ramoz N, Reichert JG, Smith CJ, Silverman JM, Bespalova IN, Davis KL, Buxbaum JD. Linkage and association of the mitochondrial aspartate\/glutamate carrier SLC25A12 gene with autism. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(4):662\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.4.662.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"9457_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1995.7.2.209","volume":"7","author":"MD Rugg","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rugg MD, Doyle MC, Wells T. Word and nonword repetition within-and across-modality: an event-related potential study. J Cogn Neurosci. 1995;7(2):209\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn.1995.7.2.209.","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"9457_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0076-3","volume":"36","author":"NJ Sasson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sasson NJ. The development of face processing in autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2006;36(3):381\u201394.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord."},{"issue":"6","key":"9457_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-03998-y","volume":"49","author":"RK Schuck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schuck RK, Flores RE, Fung LK. Brief report: sex\/gender differences in symptomology and camouflaging in adults with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2019;49(6):2597\u2013604.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"9457_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-4-6","volume":"4","author":"C Shimmura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shimmura C, Suzuki K, Iwata Y, Tsuchiya KL, Ohno K, Matsuzaki H, et al. Enzymes in the glutamate-glutamine cycle in the anterior cingulate cortex in postmortem brain of subjects with autism. Mol Autism. 2013;4:6.","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"3","key":"9457_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0172-4","volume":"37","author":"I Souli\u00e8res","year":"2007","unstructured":"Souli\u00e8res I, Mottron L, Saumier D, Larochelle S. Atypical categorical perception in autism: autonomy of discrimination? J Autism Dev Disord. 2007;37(3):481\u201390.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"9457_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470939345.ch12","volume":"1","author":"H Tager-Flusberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tager-Flusberg H, Paul R, Lord C. Language and communication in autism. Handb Autism Pervasive Dev disord. 2005;1:335\u201364.","journal-title":"Handb Autism Pervasive Dev disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"9457_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199903170-00030","volume":"10","author":"J Tanaka","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tanaka J, Luu P, Weisbrod M, Kiefer M. Tracking the time course of object categorization using event-related potentials. NeuroReport. 1999;10(4):829\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001756-199903170-00030.","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"issue":"6582","key":"9457_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)72148-8","volume":"381","author":"S Thorpe","year":"1996","unstructured":"Thorpe S, Fize D, Marlot C. Speed of processing in the human visual system. Nature. 1996;381(6582):520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)72148-8.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"9457_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.11.012","volume":"72","author":"TP Urbach","year":"2006","unstructured":"Urbach TP, Kutas M. Interpreting event-related brain potential (ERP) distributions: implications of baseline potentials and variability with application to amplitude normalization by vector scaling. Biol Psychol. 2006;72(3):333\u201343.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9457_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2583-6","volume":"46","author":"S Vanmarcke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vanmarcke S, Van Der Hallen R, Evers K, Noens I, Steyaert J, Wagemans J. Ultra-rapid categorization of meaningful real-life scenes in adults with and without ASD. J Autism Dev Disord. 2016;46(2):450\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-015-2583-6.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"9457_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1162\/08989290152001880","volume":"13","author":"R Vanrullen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vanrullen R, Thorpe SJ. The time course of visual processing: from early perception to decision-making. J Cogn Neurosci. 2001;13(4):454\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/08989290152001880.","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"9457_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.07.008","volume":"47","author":"AJ Wiggett","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wiggett AJ, Pritchard IC, Downing PE. Animate and inanimate objects in human visual cortex: evidence for task-independent category effects. Neuropsychologia. 2009;47:3111\u20137.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"9457_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196680","volume":"72","author":"GF Woodman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Woodman GF. A brief introduction to the use of event-related potentials in studies of perception and attention. Atten Percept Psychophys. 2010;72(8):2031\u201346.","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"issue":"20","key":"9457_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013;310(20):2191\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.281053.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"9457_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1467-9280.2006.01680.X","volume":"17","author":"Nick Yeung","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yeung Nick, Cohen JD. The impact of cognitive deficits on conflict monitoring. Predictable dissociations between the error-related negativity and N2. Psychological Science. 2006;17(2):164\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1467-9280.2006.01680.X.","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"9457_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-006-0176-3","volume":"113","author":"J Yip","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yip J, Soghomonian J, Blatt GJ. Decreased GAD67 mRNA levels in cerebellar Purkinje cells in autism: pathophysiological implications. Acta Neuropathol. 2007;113:559\u201368.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"9457_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zachariou V, Del Giacco AC, Ungerleider LG, Yue X. Bottom-up processing of curvilinear visual features is sufficient for animate\/inanimate object categorization. J Vis.\u00a02018;18(12):3, 388\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/18.12.3.","DOI":"10.1167\/18.12.3"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11689-022-09457-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s11689-022-09457-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11689-022-09457-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,26]],"date-time":"2023-11-26T02:52:59Z","timestamp":1700967179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jneurodevdisorders.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s11689-022-09457-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9457"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11689-022-09457-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1866-1947","1866-1955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-1947","type":"print"},{"value":"1866-1955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 August 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki [79] and was approved by the ethical review board of the Faculty of Psychology at the University of Lisbon. All participants gave their written consent after being informed about the procedure and were given the opportunity to ask questions.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"46"}}