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Males are three times more likely to be diagnosed with ASD than females, and sex-dependent alterations in behavior and communication have been reported both in clinical and animal research. Animal models are useful for understanding ASD-related manifestations and their associated neurobiological mechanisms. However, even though ASD is diagnosed during childhood, relatively few animal studies have focused on neonatal development.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Here, we performed a detailed analysis of neonatal developmental milestones and maternal separation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in two genetic animal models of ASD, neurofibromatosis type 1 (<jats:italic>Nf1<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>\u00b1<\/jats:sup>) and tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (<jats:italic>Tsc2<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>\u00b1<\/jats:sup>).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Nf1<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>\u00b1<\/jats:sup> and <jats:italic>Tsc2<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>\u00b1<\/jats:sup> mice display strikingly distinct developmental profiles regarding motor, strength, and coordination skills. <jats:italic>Nf1<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>\u00b1<\/jats:sup> mouse pups mostly show genotype-related differences, whereas <jats:italic>Tsc2<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>\u00b1<\/jats:sup> mouse pups mainly present sexual dimorphisms. Furthermore, we found several differences regarding the number of USVs, frequency modulation, and temporal and spectral profile. Importantly, <jats:italic>Nf1<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>\u00b1<\/jats:sup> animals tend to present sex- and genotype-dependent differences earlier than the <jats:italic>Tsc2<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>\u00b1<\/jats:sup> mouse pups, suggesting distinct developmental curves between these two animal models.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study provides a nuanced understanding of how these two ASD models differ in their developmental trajectories. It underscores the importance of studying sex differences and early-life developmental markers, as these could offer crucial insights into ASD's progression and neurobiology. The distinct profiles of these models may help guide more targeted therapeutic strategies in the future.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-025-09624-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T09:19:50Z","timestamp":1753521590000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Distinct early development trajectories in Nf1\u00b1 and Tsc2\u00b1 mouse models of autism"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Helena","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Castelo-Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"9624_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7202a1","volume":"72","author":"MJ Maenner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maenner MJ, Warren Z, Williams AR, Amoakohene E, Bakian AV, Bilder DA, et al. 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