{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T07:50:35Z","timestamp":1772783435689,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intereg Atlantic Area Programme","award":["EAPA_565\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA_565\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Eur"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Integrative passive samplers, such as DGT (Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films), are identified in European Technical Guidance Documents as promising tools to improve the quality of the assessment, in the context of the WFD (EU Water Framework Directive). However, DGT results cannot yet be used directly in a regulatory framework to assess the chemical status of water bodies, as DGT\u00a0labile concentrations cannot be directly compared to the metal AA-EQS<jats:sub>marine water<\/jats:sub> (Annual Average Environmental Quality Standard) established by the WFD, which are defined in the dissolved concentration. Therefore, prior to using DGT results in a regulatory context, for cadmium, nickel and lead, an adaptation of existing AA-EQS<jats:sub>marine water<\/jats:sub> for DGTs should be pursued, ensuring at least the same level of protection. In this sense, in the framework of the MONITOOL project, a robust database of dissolved and labile metal concentrations in transitional and coastal waters, for adapting the existing AA-EQS<jats:sub>marine water<\/jats:sub> for DGT technique, was obtained. Building on these results, this study proposes a methodology and provides values and equations for using DGT results for the chemical status assessment of marine waters, by adapting the EQS<jats:sub>marine water<\/jats:sub> to adapted EQS<jats:sub>DGT<\/jats:sub> or predicting dissolved concentrations from DGT results. Based on available dataset, a first simulation of \u201cchemical status\u201d assessment per MONITOOL sampling site using DGT measured labile concentrations was carried out and the results were compared to an assessment based on dissolved concentration to check their compliance. These results demonstrate that the use of DGT passive samplers is appropriate for the metal concentrations level encountered in the marine environment. Further work is recommended to test the effectiveness of the methodology proposed in this study under WFD conditions on more sites and to establish common strategy guidelines for the use of DGT passive samplers in monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-023-00733-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T07:02:16Z","timestamp":1682751736000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A new approach to using Diffusive Gradient in Thin-films (DGT) labile concentration for Water Framework Directive chemical status assessment: adaptation of Environmental Quality Standard to DGT for cadmium, nickel and lead"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Amouroux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jean-Louis","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Guesdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jes\u00fas","family":"Belzunce-Segarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Bersuder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thi","family":"Bolam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Caetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Correia Dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Larreta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Lebrun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Marras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Mill\u00e1n Gabet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"McHugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Iratxe","family":"Menchaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Menet-N\u00e9d\u00e9lec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Perceval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Pierre-Duplessix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Regan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jose Germ\u00e1n","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Rodrigo Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Schintu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bl\u00e1naid","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"733_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1039\/b701616f","volume":"9","author":"IJ Allan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Allan IJ, Knutsson J, Guigues N, Mills GA, Fouillac A-M, Greenwood R (2007) Evaluation of the Chemcatcher and DGT passive samplers for monitoring metals with highly fluctuating water concentrations. J Environ Monit 9:672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/b701616f","journal-title":"J Environ Monit"},{"key":"733_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14204","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03655","volume":"49","author":"ED Amato","year":"2015","unstructured":"Amato ED, Simpson SL, Belzunce-Segarra MJ, Jarolimek CV, Jolley DF (2015) Metal fluxes from porewaters and labile sediment phases for predicting metal exposure and bioaccumulation in benthic invertebrates. Environ Sci Technol 49:14204\u201314212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5b03655","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"733_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4485","DOI":"10.1021\/es404850f","volume":"48","author":"ED Amato","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amato ED, Simpson SL, Jarolimek CV, Jolley DF (2014) Diffusive gradients in thin films technique provide robust prediction of metal bioavailability and toxicity in estuarine sediments. Environ Sci Technol 48:4485\u20134494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es404850f","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"733_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b04995","volume":"50","author":"ED Amato","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amato ED, Simpson SL, Remaili TM, Spadaro DA, Jarolimek CV, Jolley DF (2016) Assessing the effects of bioturbation on metal bioavailability in contaminated sediments by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT). Environ Sci Technol 50:3055\u20133064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5b04995","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"733_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-020-00416-4","volume":"32","author":"M Babut","year":"2020","unstructured":"Babut M, Ferrari BJD, Jame P, Assoumani A, Lestremau F, Hette-Tronquart N, Miege C, Perceval O (2020) Monitoring priority substances in biota under the Water Framework Directive: how effective is a tiered approach based on caged invertebrates? A proof-of-concept study targeting PFOS in French rivers. Environ Sci Eur 32:131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12302-020-00416-4","journal-title":"Environ Sci Eur"},{"key":"733_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2021.101462","volume":"8","author":"P Bersuder","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bersuder P, Amouroux I, Belzunce-Segarra MJ, Bolam T, Caetano M, Carvalho I, Correia dos Santos M, Fones GR, Gonzalez J-L, Guesdon S, Larreta J, Marras B, McHugh B, Menet-N\u00e9d\u00e9lec F, Menchaca I, Gabet VM, Montero N, Nolan M, Regan F, Robinson CD, Rosa N, Sanz MR, Rodr\u00edguez JG, Schintu M, White B, Zhang H (2021) Concurrent sampling of transitional and coastal waters by Diffusive Gradient in Thin-films (DGT) and spot sampling for trace metals analysis. Methods 8:101462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mex.2021.101462","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"733_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.113715","volume":"179","author":"M Caetano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Caetano M, Correia dos Santos MM, Rosa N, Carvalho I, Rodr\u00edguez JG, Belzunce-Segarra MJ, Menchaca I, Larreta J, Sanz MR, Mill\u00e1n-Gabet V, Gonzalez J-L, Amouroux I, Guesdon S, Menet-N\u00e9d\u00e9lec F, White B, Regan F, Nolan M, McHugh B, Bersuder P, Bolam T, Robinson CD, Fones GR, Zhang H, Schintu M, Montero N, Marras B (2022) Metals concentrations in transitional and coastal waters by ICPMS and voltammetry analysis of spot samples and passive samplers (DGT). Mar Pollut Bull 179:113715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.113715","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"733_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137784","volume":"721","author":"A-M Cindri\u0107","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cindri\u0107 A-M, Marcinek S, Garnier C, Sala\u00fcn P, Cukrov N, Oursel B, Lenoble V, Omanovi\u0107 D (2020) Evaluation of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique for speciation of trace metals in estuarine waters\u2014a multimethodological approach. Sci Total Environ 721:137784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137784","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"733_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1071\/EN09010","volume":"6","author":"F Degryse","year":"2009","unstructured":"Degryse F, Smolders E, Zhang H, Davison W (2009) Predicting availability of mineral elements to plants with the DGT technique: a review of experimental data and interpretation by modelling. Environ Chem 6:198\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/EN09010","journal-title":"Environ Chem"},{"key":"733_CR10","unstructured":"EC. 2018. Guidance Document No.27. Technical Guidance for deriving Environmental Quality Standards. Updated version 2018. June 2018. 210."},{"key":"733_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"E.C., 2014. CIS Guidance Document no. 32 on biota monitoring (the implementation of EQSbiota) under the water framework directive. Technical Report 2014-083. 87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2779\/833200","DOI":"10.2779\/833200"},{"key":"733_CR12","unstructured":"E.C., 2010. CIS Guidance Document no. 25 of chemical monitoring of sediment and biota under the water framework directive. Technical Report 2010-041. 82. KH-31-10-529-EN-N"},{"key":"733_CR13","unstructured":"E.C., 2009. CIS Guidance Document no. 19. Guidance on surface water chemical monitoring under the water framework directive. Technical Report 2009-025. 132."},{"key":"733_CR14","unstructured":"E.C., 2000. Directive 2000\/60\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Official Journal of the European Union L327\/1, 22.12.2000."},{"key":"733_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3184\/095422998782775826","volume":"10","author":"M Erten-Unal","year":"1998","unstructured":"Erten-Unal M, Wixson BG, Gale N, Pitt JL (1998) Evaluation of toxicity, bioavailability and speciation of lead, zinc and cadmium in mine\/mill wastewaters. Chem Speciat Bioavail 10:37\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3184\/095422998782775826","journal-title":"Chem Speciat Bioavail"},{"key":"733_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157499","volume":"847","author":"J-L Gonzalez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gonzalez J-L, Amouroux I, Guesdon S, Menet-Nedelec F, Ponzevera E, Montero N, Marras B, Schintu M, Caetano M, Correia Dos Santos M, Rodrigo Sanz M, Mill\u00e1n Gabet V, Rodr\u00edguez Jose G, Belzunce-Segarra MJ, Larreta J, Menchaca I, Bersuder P, Bolam T, Regan F, White B, Zhang H (2022) An international intercomparison exercise on passive samplers (DGT) for monitoring metals in marine waters under a regulatory context. Sci Total Environ 847:157499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157499","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"733_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Knief U, Forstmeier W. Violating the normality assumption may be the lesser of two evils. bioRxiv 2020; 498931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/498931.","DOI":"10.1101\/498931"},{"key":"733_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4399","volume":"38","author":"DJ Koppel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koppel DJ, Adams MS, King CK, Jolley DF (2019) Diffusive gradients in thin films can predict the toxicity of metal mixtures to two microalgae: validation for environmental monitoring in Antarctic marine conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 38:1323\u20131333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/etc.4399","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"733_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-018-1950-2","volume":"18","author":"D Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li D, Li W, Lu Q, Li Y, Li N, Xu H, Ren Z, Zhang Y, Wang J (2018) Cadmium bioavailability well assessed by DGT and factors influencing cadmium accumulation in rice grains from paddy soils of three parent materials. J Soils Sediments 18:2552\u20132561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11368-018-1950-2","journal-title":"J Soils Sediments"},{"key":"733_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.08.008","volume":"163","author":"V Mangal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mangal V, Zhu Y, Shi YX, Gu\u00e9guen C (2016) Assessing cadmium and vanadium accumulation using diffusive gradient in thin-films (DGT) and phytoplankton in the Churchill River estuary, Manitoba. Chemosphere 163:90\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.08.008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"733_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.06.041","volume":"983","author":"AA Meneg\u00e1rio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meneg\u00e1rio AA, Yabuki LNM, Luko KS, Williams PN, Blackburn DM (2017) Use of diffusive gradient in thin films for in situ measurements: a review on the progress in chemical fractionation, speciation and bioavailability of metals in waters. Anal Chim Acta 983:54\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aca.2017.06.041","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"key":"733_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teac.2015.07.001","volume":"8","author":"C Miege","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miege C, Mazzella N, Allan I, Dulio V, Smedes F, Tixier C, Vermeirssen E, Brant J, O\u2019Toole S, Budzinski H, Ghestem J, Staub P, Lardy-Fontan S, Gonzalez J-L, Coquery M, Vrana B (2015) Position paper on passive sampling techniques for the monitoring of contaminants in the aquatic environment\u2014achievements to date and perspectives. Trends Environ Anal Chem 8:20\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.teac.2015.07.001","journal-title":"Trends Environ Anal Chem"},{"key":"733_CR23","first-page":"e70983","volume":"2","author":"V Mill\u00e1n","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mill\u00e1n V, Rodrigo M, Amouroux I, Belzunce MJ, Bersuder P, Bolam T, Caetano M, Correia dos Santos MM, Fones GR, Gonzalez JL, Guesdon S, Larreta J, Marras B, McHugh B, Menchaca I, Menet-N\u00e9d\u00e9lec F, Montero N, Regan F, Robinson CD, Rodr\u00edguez JG, Schintu M, White B, Zhang H (2021) Good practice guide for the use of DGTs sampling of metals in transitional and coastal waters by diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) technique. ARPHA. 2:e70983","journal-title":"ARPHA."},{"key":"733_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1039\/b209346d","volume":"5","author":"NC Munksgaard","year":"2003","unstructured":"Munksgaard NC, Parry DL (2003) Monitoring of labile metals in turbid coastal seawater using diffusive gradients in thin-films. J Environ Monitor 5:145\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/b209346d","journal-title":"J Environ Monitor"},{"key":"733_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134107","volume":"697","author":"MH Paller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Paller MH, Harmon SM, Knox AS, Kuhne WW, Halverson NV (2019) Assessing effects of dissolved organic carbon and water hardness on metal toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia using diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT). Sci Total Environ 697:134107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134107","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"733_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4289","volume":"38","author":"RR Philipps","year":"2019","unstructured":"Philipps RR, Xu X, Bringolf RB, Mills GL (2019) Evaluation of the DGT technique for predicting uptake of metal mixtures by fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and yellow lampmussel (Lampsilis cariosa). Environ Toxicol Chem 38:61\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/etc.4289","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"733_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147001","volume":"783","author":"JG Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez JG, Amouroux I, Belzunce-Segarra MJ, Bersuder P, Bolam T, Caetano M, Carvalho I, Correia dos Santos MM, Fones GR, Gonzalez J-L, Guesdon S, Larreta J, Marras B, McHugh B, Menet-N\u00e9d\u00e9lec F, Menchaca I, Mill\u00e1nGabet V, Montero N, Nolan M, Regan F, Robinson CD, Rosa N, Rodrigo Sanz M, Schintu M, White B, Zhang H (2021) Assessing variability in the ratio of metal concentrations measured by DGT-type passive samplers and spot sampling in European seawaters. Sci Total Environ 783:147001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147001","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"733_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9038","DOI":"10.1021\/es301225d","volume":"46","author":"SL Simpson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simpson SL, Yverneau H, Cremazy A, Jarolimek CV, Price HL, Jolley DF (2012) DGT-induced copper flux predicts bioaccumulation and toxicity to bivalves in sediments with varying properties. Environ Sci Technol 46:9038\u20139046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es301225d","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"733_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4404","volume":"38","author":"J Strivens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Strivens J, Hayman N, Johnston R, Rosen G (2019) Effects of dissolved organic carbon on copper toxicity to embryos of Mytilus galloprovincialis as measured by diffusive gradient in thin films. Environ Toxicol Chem 38:1029\u20131034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/etc.4404","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"733_CR30","unstructured":"U.E., 2013. Directive 2013\/39\/EU of the European Parliament and of the council of 12 August 2013 amending Directives 2000\/60\/EC and 2008\/105\/EC as regards priority substances in the field of water policy. Off J Eur Union. 24.8.2013. L 226\/1."},{"key":"733_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00115a005","volume":"67","author":"H Zhang","year":"1995","unstructured":"Zhang H, Davison W (1995) Performance characteristics of diffusion gradients in thin films for the in situ measurement of trace metals in aqueous solution. Anal Chem 67:3391\u20133400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ac00115a005","journal-title":"Anal Chem"}],"container-title":["Environmental Sciences Europe"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12302-023-00733-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12302-023-00733-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12302-023-00733-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T07:02:27Z","timestamp":1682751747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/enveurope.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12302-023-00733-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["733"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12302-023-00733-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2190-4715"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2190-4715","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 October 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The corresponding author has read the Springer journal policies on author responsibilities and submits this manuscript in accordance with those policies.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"By submitting my article I agree to pay the APC in full if my article is accepted for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"29"}}