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Recent developments in AI, such as ChatGPT and OpenAI, machine vision technologies and deep learning, among others, may be deployed in various contexts, including climate change. Of specific interest is the role played by foundation models (FMs), which may help to augment intelligence on climate change and reduce the social risks of adaptation and mitigation initiatives. This article discusses the potential applications of FMs in climate change research and management and illustrates the need for further studies. FMs, built on large unlabelled data sets and enabled by transfer learning, offer versatility in handling complex tasks. Specifically, FMs can aid in climate data analysis, modelling future scenarios, assessing risks, and supporting decision-making processes. Despite their potential, challenges such as data privacy, algorithm bias, and energy consumption require careful consideration. 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AI, including advanced models like FMs, holds significant promise for addressing climate change challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-025-01153-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T12:52:47Z","timestamp":1760359967000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Artificial intelligence and climate change: the potential roles of foundation models"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Walter","family":"Leal Filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Kovaleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Artie W.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gustavo J.","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9017-4471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes M.","family":"L\u00fctz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2198-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Alzira Pimenta","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1153_CR1","unstructured":"ARK Invest. 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