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However, most studies investigating evolutionary patterns and processes shaping biotic diversification have focused on more recent (emergent) rather than ancient oceanic archipelagos. Here, we focus on the granitic islands of the Seychelles, which are unusual among island systems because they have been isolated for a long time and are home to a monophyletic radiation of caecilian amphibians that has been separated from its extant sister lineage for ca. 65\u201362\u2009Ma. We selected the most widespread Seychelles caecilian species,\n                      <jats:italic>Hypogeophis rostratus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , to investigate intraspecific morphological and genetic (mitochondrial and nuclear) variation across the archipelago (782 samples from nine islands) to identify patterns and test processes that shaped their evolutionary history within the Seychelles.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall a signal of strong geographic structuring with distinct northern- and southern-island clusters were identified across all datasets. We suggest that these distinct groups have been isolated for ca. 1.26\u2009Ma\u2009years without subsequent migration between them. Populations from the somewhat geographically isolated island of Fr\u00e9gate showed contrasting relationships to other islands based on genetic and morphological data, clustering alternatively with northern-island (genetic) and southern-island (morphological) populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although variation in\n                      <jats:italic>H. rostratus<\/jats:italic>\n                      across the Seychelles is explained more by isolation-by-distance than by adaptation, the genetic-morphological incongruence for affinities of Fr\u00e9gate\n                      <jats:italic>H. rostratus<\/jats:italic>\n                      might be caused by local adaptation over-riding the signal from their vicariant history. Our findings highlight the need of integrative approaches to investigate fine-scale geographic structuring to uncover underlying diversity and to better understand evolutionary processes on ancient, continental islands.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-020-01673-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T02:02:55Z","timestamp":1598407375000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The roles of vicariance and isolation by distance in shaping biotic diversification across an ancient archipelago: evidence from a Seychelles caecilian amphibian"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5455-6990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon T.","family":"Maddock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ronald A.","family":"Nussbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Julia J.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leigh","family":"Latta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Debra L.","family":"Fisk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Gower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Pfrender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1673_CR1","volume-title":"The origin of species","author":"C Darwin","year":"1859","unstructured":"Darwin C. 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