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Gorongosa baboons have been tentatively identified as part of <jats:italic>Papio ursinus<\/jats:italic> on the basis of previous limited morphological analysis and a handful of mitochondrial DNA sequences. However, a recent morphological and morphometric analysis of Gorongosa baboons pinpointed the occurrence of several traits intermediate between\u00a0<jats:italic>P. ursinus<\/jats:italic>\u00a0and\u00a0<jats:italic>P. cynocephalus<\/jats:italic>, leaving open the possibility of past and\/or ongoing gene flow in the baboon population of Gorongosa National Park.\u00a0In order to investigate the evolutionary history of baboons in Gorongosa, we generated high and low coverage whole genome sequence data of Gorongosa baboons and compared it to available\u00a0<jats:italic>Papio<\/jats:italic>\u00a0genomes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We confirmed that\u00a0<jats:italic>P. ursinus<\/jats:italic>\u00a0is the species closest to Gorongosa baboons. However, the Gorongosa baboon genomes share more derived alleles with\u00a0<jats:italic>P. cynocephalus<\/jats:italic>\u00a0than\u00a0<jats:italic>P. ursinus<\/jats:italic>\u00a0does, but no recent gene flow between\u00a0<jats:italic>P. ursinus<\/jats:italic>\u00a0and\u00a0<jats:italic>P. cynocephalus<\/jats:italic>\u00a0was detected when available\u00a0<jats:italic>Papio<\/jats:italic>\u00a0genomes were analyzed. Our results, based on the analysis of autosomal, mitochondrial and Y chromosome data, suggest complex, possibly male-biased, gene flow between Gorongosa baboons and\u00a0<jats:italic>P. cynocephalus<\/jats:italic>, hinting to direct or indirect contributions from baboons belonging to the \u201cnorthern\u201d\u00a0<jats:italic>Papio<\/jats:italic> clade, and signal the presence of population structure within\u00a0<jats:italic>P. ursinus<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The analysis of genome data generated from baboon samples collected in central Mozambique highlighted a complex set of evolutionary relationships with other baboons. Our results provided new insights in the population dynamics that have shaped baboon diversity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-022-01999-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T11:07:11Z","timestamp":1649675231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Genomic variation in baboons from central Mozambique unveils complex evolutionary relationships with other Papio species"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Cindy","family":"Santander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ludovica","family":"Molinaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Mutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Felipe I.","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jacinto","family":"Mathe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Joana","family":"Ferreira da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Caldon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Oteo-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Aldeias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Will","family":"Archer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Bamford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Biro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Bobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philippa","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tina","family":"L\u00fcdecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Meira Paulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Stalmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Frederico T\u00e1t\u00e1","family":"Regala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Bertolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ida","family":"Moltke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Raveane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Pagani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Capelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1999_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.02.074","volume":"18","author":"L Barrett","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barrett L, Henzi SP. 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