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In animals, VC can be synthesized by the organism, acquired through the diet, or both. In the single VC synthesis pathway described in animals, the penultimate step is catalysed by Regucalcin, and the last step by <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-gulonolactone oxidase (GULO). The <jats:italic>GULO<\/jats:italic> gene has been implicated in VC synthesis only, while <jats:italic>Regucalcin<\/jats:italic> has been shown to have multiple functions in mammals.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Both <jats:italic>GULO<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Regucalcin<\/jats:italic> can be found in non-bilaterian, protostome and deuterostome species. <jats:italic>Regucalcin<\/jats:italic>, as here shown, is involved in multiple functions such as VC synthesis, calcium homeostasis, and the oxidative stress response in both Deuterostomes and Protostomes, and in insects in receptor-mediated uptake of hexamerin storage proteins from haemolymph. In Insecta and Nematoda, however, there is no <jats:italic>GULO<\/jats:italic> gene, and in the latter no <jats:italic>Regucalcin<\/jats:italic> gene, but species from these lineages are still able to synthesize VC, implying at least one novel synthesis pathway. In vertebrates, <jats:italic>SVCT1<\/jats:italic>, a gene that belongs to a family with up to five members, as here shown, is the only gene involved in the uptake of VC in the gut. This specificity is likely the result of a subfunctionalization event that happened at the base of the Craniata subphylum. <jats:italic>SVCT<\/jats:italic>-like genes present in non-Vertebrate animals are likely involved in both VC and nucleobase transport. It is also shown that in lineages where <jats:italic>GULO<\/jats:italic> has been lost, <jats:italic>SVCT1<\/jats:italic> is now an essential gene, while in lineages where <jats:italic>SVCT1<\/jats:italic> gene has been lost, <jats:italic>GULO<\/jats:italic> is now an essential gene.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The simultaneous study, for the first time, of <jats:italic>GULO<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Regucalcin<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SVCT<\/jats:italic>s evolution provides a clear picture of VC synthesis\/acquisition and reveals very different selective pressures in different animal taxonomic groups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-022-02040-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]],"date-time":"2022-06-25T07:12:48Z","timestamp":1656141168000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The evolution of vitamin C biosynthesis and transport in animals"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Duque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristina P.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2040_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2007.11.037","volume":"615","author":"C Amatore","year":"2008","unstructured":"Amatore C, Arbault S, Ferreira DCM, Tapsoba I, Verchier Y. 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