{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T04:50:23Z","timestamp":1749703823954},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ecol Evo"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Anthropogenic threats are causing alteration of coastal areas worldwide. Most of the coastal biodiversity is endangered, taking a particular toll on island ecosystems, like the Azores. To better understand the biotic and abiotic factors constraining the distribution and conservation status of two endemic plants, <jats:italic>Azorina vidalii<\/jats:italic> (Campanulaceae) and <jats:italic>Lotus azoricus<\/jats:italic> (Fabaceae), we performed a global survey of coastal plant communities in the archipelago, also covering environmental descriptors, natural and anthropogenic threats. Moreover, we revised their IUCN conservation status and estimated the population fractions within protected areas.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Non-indigenous plants were commonly found in plots with or without the target endemics, contributing to the absence of well-defined coastal plant communities. Nonetheless, indigenous taxa commonly occurred at the plots with <jats:italic>L. azoricus<\/jats:italic>. With a larger area of occurrence, <jats:italic>A. vidalii<\/jats:italic> ecological niche differed from that of <jats:italic>L. azoricus<\/jats:italic>, the latter being restricted to dry and rocky sea cliffs, mostly in Santa Maria Island. Besides the presence of invasive plants, signs of habitat destruction, trampling and grazing, and of natural threats, such as coastal erosion, were commonly observed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Occurrence data indicated an endangered status for both species, although this would change to critically endangered for <jats:italic>L. azoricus<\/jats:italic> when using smaller-sized occurrence cells. Both species are threatened since their habitat is restricted to a very narrow vegetation belt, strongly limited by sea influence and human pressure, and with the frequent presence of invasive plants. While focusing on two endemic plants, our study allowed a broader view of the impact of anthropogenic disturbance on Azorean coastal plant communities.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-024-02300-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T11:29:44Z","timestamp":1724326184000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Anthropogenic disturbance has altered the habitat of two Azorean endemic coastal plants"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"R\u00faben M. Correia","family":"Rego","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Olangua-Corral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Roxo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Resendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2300_CR1","unstructured":"IPCC. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2007). [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A, editors]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 104 pp."},{"key":"2300_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3520","volume":"31","author":"H Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao H, Wu R, Hu J, Yang F, Wang J, Guo Y, et al. The contrasting east\u2013west pattern of vegetation restoration under the large-scale ecological restoration programmes in southwest China. Land Degrad Dev. 2020;31:1688\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ldr.3520.","journal-title":"Land Degrad Dev"},{"key":"2300_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-012220-010822","volume":"46","author":"EC Ellis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ellis EC. Land use and ecological change: a 12,000-year history. Annu Rev Environ Resour. 2021;46:1\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-environ-012220-010822.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Environ Resour"},{"key":"2300_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2020.00280","volume":"8","author":"B Lenzner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lenzner B, Latombe G, Capinha C, Bellard C, Courchamp F, Diagne C, et al. What will the future bring for biological invasions on islands? An expert-based assessment. Front Ecol Evol. 2020;8:280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fevo.2020.00280.","journal-title":"Front Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2300_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11490","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802290105","volume":"105","author":"DF Sax","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sax DF, Gaines SD. Species invasions and extinction: the future of native biodiversity on islands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:11490\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0802290105.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2300_CR6","volume-title":"Island Biogeography: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation","author":"RJ Whittaker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Whittaker RJ, Fern\u00e1ndez\u2013Palacios JM. Island Biogeography: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation. Oxford: University; 2007."},{"key":"2300_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14196","volume":"26","author":"A Walentowitz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Walentowitz A, Lenzner B, Essl F, Strandberg N, Castilla-Beltr\u00e1n A, Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010Palacios JM, et al. Long\u2010term trajectories of non\u2010native vegetation on islands globally. Ecol Lett. 2023;26:729\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ele.14196.","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"2300_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.114843","volume":"311","author":"MA Aguilera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aguilera MA, Pacheco S, Manzur T. Human-derived effects and failure in management drive coastal urban foredune degradation and novel vegetation structure. J Environ Manag. 2022;311:114843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.114843.","journal-title":"J Environ Manag"},{"key":"2300_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppees.2015.01.003","volume":"17","author":"DE Harter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harter DE, Irl SD, Seo B, Steinbauer MJ, Gillespie R, Triantis KA, et al. Impacts of global climate change on the floras of oceanic islands\u2013Projections, implications and current knowledge. PPEES. 2015;17:160\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ppees.2015.01.003.","journal-title":"PPEES"},{"key":"2300_CR10","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Division on Earth. Life studies, Board on Atmospheric Sciences, Committee on Extreme Weather events, Climate Change Attribution. Attribution of extreme weather events in the context of climate change. National Academies; 2016."},{"key":"2300_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2018.07.015","volume":"78","author":"M Moreira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moreira M, Fonseca C, Verg\u00edlio M, Calado H, Gil A. Spatial assessment of habitat conservation status in a macaronesian island based on the InVEST model: a case study of Pico Island (Azores, Portugal). Land use Policy. 2018;78:637\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landusepol.2018.07.015.","journal-title":"Land use Policy"},{"key":"2300_CR12","first-page":"117","volume-title":"A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores","author":"L Silva","year":"2010","unstructured":"Silva L, Moura M, Schaefer H, Rumsey F, Dias EF. List of vascular plants (Tracheobionta). In: Borges PAV, Costa A, Cunha R, Gabriel R, Gon\u00e7alves V, Martins AF, et al. editors. A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Portugal: Princ\u00edpia; 2010. pp. 117\u201346."},{"key":"2300_CR13","unstructured":"eAZflora. Creative Solutions, Portugal. https:\/\/eazflora.org\/. Accessed 05 Octo 2023."},{"key":"2300_CR14","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Abstract retrieved from Spring Seminar 5\u00aa Edi\u00e7\u00e3o: Book of abstracts","author":"L Borges Silva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Borges Silva L, Moura M, Elias RB, Roxo G, Silva L. Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o global Da flora introduzida nos A\u00e7ores. Abstract retrieved from Spring Seminar 5\u00aa Edi\u00e7\u00e3o: Book of abstracts. Azores, Portugal: University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada; 2022. p. 3."},{"key":"2300_CR15","volume-title":"Saudades Da terra: livro IV (1589). Ed","author":"G Frutuoso","year":"1998","unstructured":"Frutuoso G. Saudades Da terra: livro IV (1589). Ed. Ponta Delgada: Instituto Cultural de Ponta Delgada, Portugal; 1998."},{"key":"2300_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-004-5015-z","volume":"15","author":"L Silva","year":"2006","unstructured":"Silva L, Smith CW. A quantitative approach to the study of non-indigenous plants: an example from the Azores Archipelago. Biodivers Conserv. 2006;15:1661\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10531-004-5015-z.","journal-title":"Biodivers Conserv"},{"key":"2300_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8060386","volume":"8","author":"SP \u00c1vila","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00c1vila SP, Johnson ME, Rebelo AC, Baptista L, Melo CS. Comparison of Modern and Pleistocene (MIS 5e) Coastal Boulder deposits from Santa Maria Island (Azores Archipelago, NE Atlantic Ocean). J Mar Sci Eng. 2020;8:386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmse8060386.","journal-title":"J Mar Sci Eng"},{"key":"2300_CR18","first-page":"346","volume-title":"Flora of the Azores. A field guide","author":"H Schaefer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schaefer H. Flora of the Azores. A field guide. 2nd ed. Weikersheim: Margraf; 2005. p. 346.","edition":"2"},{"key":"2300_CR19","first-page":"116","volume-title":"Azorean vascular flora. Priorities in Conservation","author":"L Silva","year":"2009","unstructured":"Silva L, Martins MC, Maciel GB, Moura M. Azorean vascular flora. Priorities in Conservation. Ponta Delgada: Amigos dos A\u00e7ores and CCPA; 2009. p. 116."},{"key":"2300_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"plv066","DOI":"10.1093\/aobpla\/plv066","volume":"7","author":"L Silva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Silva L, Dias EF, Sardos J, Azevedo EB, Schaefer H, Moura M. Towards a more holistic research approach to plant conservation: the case of rare plants on oceanic islands. AoB Plants. 2015;7:plv066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aobpla\/plv066.","journal-title":"AoB Plants"},{"key":"2300_CR21","first-page":"121","volume":"36","author":"MJ Pereira","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pereira MJ, Trota AN, Bairos J. Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o activa de Lotus azoricus PW Bell na ilha de Santa Maria. Rel Com Dep Biol. 2010;36:121\u20139.","journal-title":"Rel Com Dep Biol"},{"key":"2300_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bilz M. Azorina Vidalii. IUCN Red List Threatened Species. 2011;eT161816A5499367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T161816A5499367.en. Accessed 28 April 2023.","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T161816A5499367.en"},{"key":"2300_CR23","first-page":"149","volume":"51","author":"D L\u00fcpnitz","year":"1976","unstructured":"L\u00fcpnitz D. Geobotanische Studien Zur nat\u00fcrlichen Vegetation Der Azoren Unter Ber\u00fccksichtigung Der Chorologie Innerhalb Makaronesiens. Beitr Biol Pflanzen. 1976;51:149\u2013319.","journal-title":"Beitr Biol Pflanzen"},{"key":"2300_CR24","unstructured":"Dias E. Vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o natural dos A\u00e7ores. Ecologia e sintaxonomia das florestas naturais. PhD Dissertation. University of the Azores, Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal. 1996, 302 pp."},{"key":"2300_CR25","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Guia Da excurs\u00e3o Geobotanica: a paisagem vegetal Da Ilha Terceira (A\u00e7ores)","author":"C Aguiar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aguiar C, Fern\u00e1ndez Prieto JA, Dias E. Plantas vasculares end\u00e9micas do Arquip\u00e9lago Dos Acores. In: Dias E, Fern\u00e1ndez Prieto JA, Aguiar C, editors. Guia Da excurs\u00e3o Geobotanica: a paisagem vegetal Da Ilha Terceira (A\u00e7ores). Portugal: Universidade dos A\u00e7ores; 2006. pp. 71\u20138."},{"key":"2300_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2307\/2257099","volume":"41","author":"TG Tutin","year":"1953","unstructured":"Tutin TG. The vegetation of the Azores. J Ecol. 1953;41:53\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2257099.","journal-title":"J Ecol"},{"key":"2300_CR27","first-page":"149","volume":"95","author":"D L\u00fcpnitz","year":"1975","unstructured":"L\u00fcpnitz D. Subalpine und alpine Pflanzengesellschaften auf Der Insel Pico (Azoren). Bot. Jahrb. 1975;95:149\u201373.","journal-title":"Jahrb"},{"key":"2300_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2024.108617","volume":"331","author":"PM Raposeiro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Raposeiro PM, Ritter C, Abbott M, Hernandez A, Pimentel A, Lasher E, et al. Late holocene climate dynamics in the Azores archipelago. Quat Sci Rev. 2024;331:108617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quascirev.2024.108617.","journal-title":"Quat Sci Rev"},{"key":"2300_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.3640","volume":"8","author":"T Menezes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Menezes T, Romeiras MM, de Sequeira MM, Moura M. Phylogenetic relationships and phylogeography of relevant lineages within the complex Campanulaceae family in Macaronesia. Ecol Evol. 2018;8:88\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.3640.","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2300_CR30","first-page":"97","volume":"13","author":"G Sandral","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sandral G, Remizowa MV, Sokoloff DD. A taxonomic survey of Lotus section Pedrosia (Leguminosae, Loteae). Wulfenia. 2006;13:97\u2013192.","journal-title":"Wulfenia"},{"key":"2300_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"plu050","DOI":"10.1093\/aobpla\/plu050","volume":"6","author":"DI Ojeda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ojeda DI, Santos-Guerra A, Oliva-Tejera F, Jaen-Molina R, Caujap\u00e9-Castells J, Marrero-Rodr\u00edguez \u00c1, et al. DNA barcodes successfully identified Macaronesian Lotus (Leguminosae) species within early diverged lineages of Cape Verde and mainland Africa. AoB Plants. 2014;6:plu050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aobpla\/plu050.","journal-title":"AoB Plants"},{"key":"2300_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8339.2008.00837.x","volume":"157","author":"JA Fernandez Prieto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fernandez Prieto JA, Aguiar C, Dias E, Guti\u00e9rrez Villar\u00edas MI. On the identity of Festuca Jubata Lowe (Poaceae) and the description of a new Festuca species in the Azores Islands. Bot J Linn Soc. 2008;157:493\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1095-8339.2008.00837.x.","journal-title":"Bot J Linn Soc"},{"key":"2300_CR33","unstructured":"QGIS Development Team. QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. http:\/\/qgis.osgeo.org (2024) Accessed 24 Jan 2024."},{"key":"2300_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-014-0669-7","volume":"23","author":"RE Queiroz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Queiroz RE, Ventura MA, Silva L. Plant diversity in hiking trails crossing Natura 2000 areas in the Azores: implications for tourism and nature conservation. Biodivers Conserv. 2014;23:1347\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10531-014-0669-7.","journal-title":"Biodivers Conserv"},{"key":"2300_CR35","volume-title":"Nova Flora De Portugal (Continente E A\u00e7ores), volume I, Lycopodiaceae \u2013 Umbelliferae","author":"JA Franco","year":"1971","unstructured":"Franco JA. Nova Flora De Portugal (Continente E A\u00e7ores), volume I, Lycopodiaceae \u2013 Umbelliferae. Lisboa: Author\u2019s edition; 1971."},{"key":"2300_CR36","volume-title":"Nova Flora De Portugal (Continente E A\u00e7ores), volume II, Clethraceae \u2013 Compositae","author":"JA Franco","year":"1984","unstructured":"Franco JA. Nova Flora De Portugal (Continente E A\u00e7ores), volume II, Clethraceae \u2013 Compositae. Lisboa: Author\u2019s Editions; 1984."},{"key":"2300_CR37","unstructured":"ABP. (2024). Azorean Biodiversity Portal https:\/\/azoresbioportal.uac.pt\/. Accessed 19 April 2024."},{"key":"2300_CR38","volume-title":"Invasive terrestrial flora and fauna of macaron\u00e9sia. Top 100 in Azores, Madeira and canaries","author":"L Silva","year":"2008","unstructured":"Silva L, Ojeda Land E, Rodr\u00edguez Luengo JL. Invasive terrestrial flora and fauna of macaron\u00e9sia. Top 100 in Azores, Madeira and canaries. Ponta Delgada: ARENA; 2008."},{"key":"2300_CR39","first-page":"632","volume-title":"The life form of plants and statistical plant geography","author":"C Raunkiaer","year":"1934","unstructured":"Raunkiaer C. The life form of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon; 1934. p. 632."},{"key":"2300_CR40","volume-title":"Fitossociologia. Bases para El est\u00fadio De las comunidades vegetales","author":"J Braun-Blanquet","year":"1979","unstructured":"Braun-Blanquet J. Fitossociologia. Bases para El est\u00fadio De las comunidades vegetales. Madrid: Ed. H. Blume; 1979."},{"key":"2300_CR41","unstructured":"Flora-On. Flora de Portugal Interactiva. (2024). Sociedade Portuguesa de Bot\u00e2nica. www.flora-on.pt. Assessed 3 July 2024."},{"key":"2300_CR42","first-page":"11","volume":"10","author":"Z Fran\u00e7a","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7a Z, Cruz JV, Nunes JC, Forjaz VH. Geologia dos A\u00e7ores: uma perspectiva actual. A\u00e7oreana. 2003;10:11\u2013140.","journal-title":"A\u00e7oreana"},{"key":"2300_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16904\/envidat.228.v2.1","author":"DN Karger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karger DN, Conrad O, B\u00f6hner J, Kawohl T, Kreft H, Soria-Auza RW, et al. Data from: climatologies at high resolution for the earth\u2019s land surface areas. EnviDat. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16904\/envidat.228.v2.1.","journal-title":"EnviDat"},{"key":"2300_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","volume":"27","author":"C Shannon","year":"1948","unstructured":"Shannon C. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst Tech J. 1948;27:379\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x.","journal-title":"Bell Syst Tech J"},{"key":"2300_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(66)90013-0","volume":"13","author":"EC Pielou","year":"1966","unstructured":"Pielou EC. The measurement of diversity in diferent types of biological collections. J Theor Biol. 1966;13:131\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-5193(66)90013-0.","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"2300_CR46","unstructured":"Giraudoux P, Antonietti J-P, Beale C, Groemping U, Lancelot R, Pleydell D et al. pgirmess: Spatial Analysis and Data Mining for Field Ecologists. 2023; R package version 2.0.2. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=pgirmess"},{"key":"2300_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warnes GR, Bolker B, Lumley T, Johnson RC. gmodels: Various R Programming Tools for Model Fitting. 2005; R package version 2.18.1.1 https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=gmodels","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.gmodels"},{"key":"2300_CR48","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. 2023. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"2300_CR49","first-page":"634","volume-title":"Terrestrial plant Ecology","author":"MG Barbour","year":"1987","unstructured":"Barbour MG, Burk JH, Pitts WD. Terrestrial plant Ecology. Calif\u00f3rnia: The Benjamin\/Cummings Publishing Company; 1987. p. 634."},{"key":"2300_CR50","first-page":"4","volume":"2","author":"J Oksanen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Friendly M, Kindt R, Legendre P, McGlinn D, et al. Vegan: community ecology package. R Package Version. 2018;2:4\u20132. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=vegan.","journal-title":"R Package Version"},{"key":"2300_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borcard D, Gillet F, Legendre P. Numerical Ecology with R. 1st ed. Springer-; 2011.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7976-6"},{"key":"2300_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7","volume":"20","author":"PJ Rousseeuw","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rousseeuw PJ, Silhouettes. A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of Cluster Analysis. J Comput Appl Math. 1987;20:53\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7.","journal-title":"J Comput Appl Math"},{"key":"2300_CR53","volume-title":"Numerical ecology","author":"P Legendre","year":"1998","unstructured":"Legendre P, Legendre L. Numerical ecology. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1998.","edition":"2"},{"key":"2300_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2010.18334.x","volume":"119","author":"M De C\u00e1ceres","year":"2010","unstructured":"De C\u00e1ceres M, Legendre P, Moretti M. Improving indicator species analysis by combining groups of sites. Oikos. 2010;119:1674\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2010.18334.x.","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2300_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9615(1997)067[0345:SAAIST]2.0.CO;2","volume":"67","author":"M Dufr\u00e9ne","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dufr\u00e9ne M, Legendre P. Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecol Monogr. 1997;67:345\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1890\/0012-9615(1997)067[0345:SAAIST]2.0.CO;2.","journal-title":"Ecol Monogr"},{"key":"2300_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10009","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.10009","volume":"13","author":"G Roxo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roxo G, Brilhante M, Moura M, de Sequeira MM, Silva L, Costa JC, et al. Genome size variation within Crithmum maritimum: clues on the colonization of insular environments. Ecol Evol. 2023;13:e10009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.10009.","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2300_CR57","unstructured":"IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 15.1. (2022). Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. http:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/documents\/RedListGuidelines.pdf"},{"key":"2300_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bachman S, Moat J, Hill AW, de la Torre J, Scott B. Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. In: Smith V, Penev L. editors. e-Infrastructures for data publishing in biodiversity science. ZooKeys. 2011;150:117\u2013126. http:\/\/geocat.kew.org\/. Accessed 21 June 2023.","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.150.2109"},{"key":"2300_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1127\/phyto\/2016\/0132","volume":"46","author":"RB Elias","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elias RB, Gil A, Silva L, Fern\u00e1ndez-Palacios JM, Azevedo EB, Reis F. Natural zonal vegetation of the Azores Islands: characterization and potential distribution. Phytocoenologia. 2016;46:107\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1127\/phyto\/2016\/0132.","journal-title":"Phytocoenologia"},{"key":"2300_CR60","unstructured":"Coelho RML. Plano de gest\u00e3o e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de Azorina vidalii (Wats.) Feer. Master Dissertation. University of the Azores, Portugal; 2015."},{"key":"2300_CR61","unstructured":"Dias E, Mendes C, Aguiar C. Vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o dos A\u00e7ores. In: Capelo J, Aguiar C. editors. Vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o de Portugal. Lisboa, INCM. 2021;155\u2013179. ISBN 978-972-27-2879-9."},{"key":"2300_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-022-02762-1","volume":"24","author":"F Mologni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mologni F, Bellingham PJ, Cameron EK, Dinh K, Wright AE, Burns KC. Functional traits explain non-native plant species richness and occupancy on northern New Zealand islands. Biol Invasions. 2022;24:2135\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10530-022-02762-1.","journal-title":"Biol Invasions"},{"key":"2300_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-021-02646-w","volume":"24","author":"MB Eppinga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eppinga MB, Haber EA, Sweeney L, Santos MJ, Rietkerk M, Wassen MJ. Antigonon leptopus invasion is associated with plant community disassembly in a Caribbean island ecosystem. Biol Invasions. 2022;24:353\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10530-021-02646-w.","journal-title":"Biol Invasions"},{"key":"2300_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15797","volume":"224","author":"NM N\u00fcrk","year":"2019","unstructured":"N\u00fcrk NM, Atchison GW, Hughes CE. Island woodiness underpins accelerated disparification in plant radiations. New Phytol. 2019;224:518\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nph.15797.","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"2300_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0228573","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228573","volume":"15","author":"A Ainsworth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ainsworth A, Drake DR. Classifying hawaiian plant species along a habitat generalist-specialist continuum: implications for species conservation under climate change. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0228573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0228573.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2300_CR66","first-page":"93","volume":"17A","author":"H Schaefer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schaefer H. An inland population of Azorina Vidalii (Watson) Feer at Faial Island. Arquip\u00e9lago Life Mar Sci. 1999;17A:93\u20135.","journal-title":"Arquip\u00e9lago Life Mar Sci"},{"key":"2300_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13137","DOI":"10.1111\/jvs.13137","volume":"33","author":"F Cabrera Rodriguez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cabrera Rodriguez F, Otto R, Fern\u00e1ndez-Palacios JM. Changes in soil chemical properties and plant species composition during primary succession on an oceanic island. J Veg Sci. 2022;33:e13137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvs.13137.","journal-title":"J Veg Sci"},{"key":"2300_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.13650","volume":"29","author":"JM Fern\u00e1ndez-Palacios","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Palacios JM, Schrader J, de Nascimento L, Irl SD, S\u00e1nchez\u2010Pinto L, Otto R. Are plant communities on the Canary Islands resistant to plant invasion? Divers Distrib. 2023;29:51\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ddi.13650.","journal-title":"Divers Distrib"},{"key":"2300_CR69","unstructured":"Azevedo EB, Rodrigues MC, Fernandes JF. O clima dos A\u00e7ores. In: Forjaz VH. editor, Atlas B\u00e1sico dos A\u00e7ores. Azores, Ponta Delgada: Observat\u00f3rio Vulcanol\u00f3gico e Geot\u00e9rmico dos A\u00e7ores; 2004. pp. 25\u201348."},{"key":"2300_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02446-8","volume":"9","author":"XL Otero","year":"2018","unstructured":"Otero XL, De La Pe\u00f1a-Lastra S, P\u00e9rez-Alberti A, Ferreira TO, Huerta-Diaz MA. Seabird colonies as important global drivers in the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. Nat Commun. 2018;9:246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-017-02446-8.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2300_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2007.01398.x","volume":"45","author":"M Chytr\u00fd","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chytr\u00fd M, Maskell LC, Pino J, Py\u0161ek P, Vil\u00e0 M, Font X, et al. Habitat invasions by alien plants: a quantitative comparison among Mediterranean, subcontinental and oceanic regions of Europe. J Appl Ecol. 2008;45:448\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2007.01398.x.","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"key":"2300_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-020-02062-x","volume":"29","author":"DW Macdonald","year":"2020","unstructured":"Macdonald DW, Chiaverini L, Bothwell HM, Kaszta \u017b, Ash E, Bolongon G, et al. Predicting biodiversity richness in rapidly changing landscapes: climate, low human pressure or protection as salvation? Biodivers Conserv. 2020;29:4035\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10531-020-02062-x.","journal-title":"Biodivers Conserv"},{"key":"2300_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-010-9676-5","volume":"58","author":"H Calado","year":"2011","unstructured":"Calado H, Borges P, Phillips M, Ng K, Alves F. The Azores archipelago, Portugal: improved understanding of small island coastal hazards and mitigation measures. Nat Hazards. 2011;58:427\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11069-010-9676-5.","journal-title":"Nat Hazards"},{"key":"2300_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parada-D\u00edaz J, Cubas J, del Arco Aguilar MJ, L\u00f3pez \u00c1F, Gonz\u00e1lez-Mancebo JM. Changing the landscape: Short-term disruption of recruitment, height growth and flowering of endemic plants on macaronesian heathlands by invasive alien rabbits. Biol Conservation. 2022;272:109596. https:\/\/doi.org10.1016\/j.biocon.2022.109596.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2022.109596"},{"key":"2300_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111631","volume":"160","author":"Y Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez Y, Ressurrei\u00e7\u00e3o A, Pham CK. Socio-economic impacts of marine litter for remote oceanic islands: the case of the Azores. Mar Pollut Bull. 2020;160:111631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111631.","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"2300_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.14568","volume":"50","author":"KE Barton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barton KE, Fortunel C. Island plant functional syndromes and competition with invasive species. J Biogeogr. 2023;50:641\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jbi.14568.","journal-title":"J Biogeogr"},{"key":"2300_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-016-1754-6","volume":"138","author":"MT Ferreira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferreira MT, Cardoso P, Borges PA, Gabriel R, Azevedo EB, Reis F, et al. Effects of climate change on the distribution of indigenous species in oceanic islands (Azores). Clim Change. 2016;138:603\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-016-1754-6.","journal-title":"Clim Change"},{"key":"2300_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2016.07.020","volume":"58","author":"M Verg\u00edlio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Verg\u00edlio M, Fj\u00f8sne K, Nistora A, Calado H. Carbon stocks and biodiversity conservation on a small island: Pico (the Azores, Portugal). Land Use Policy. 2016;58:196\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landusepol.2016.07.020.","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"2300_CR79","volume-title":"Protected areas and Biodiversity: an overview of Key issues","author":"K Mulongoy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mulongoy K, Chape S. Protected areas and Biodiversity: an overview of Key issues. Cambridge, UK: CBD Secretariat, Montreal Canada and UNEP-WCMC; 2004."},{"key":"2300_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-101718-033245","volume":"44","author":"JC Russell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Russell JC, Kueffer C. Island biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Ann Rev Environ Resour. 2019;44:31\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-environ-101718-033245.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Environ Resour"},{"key":"2300_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2022218118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2022218118","volume":"118","author":"M-S Fletcher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fletcher M-S, Hamilton R, Dressler W, Palmer L. Indigenous knowledge and the shackles of wilderness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2021;118:e2022218118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2022218118.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"}],"container-title":["BMC Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12862-024-02300-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12862-024-02300-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12862-024-02300-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T11:31:26Z","timestamp":1724326286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12862-024-02300-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12862-024-02300-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-7182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-7182","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The appropriate permits and licences were obtained for the collection of plant materials during this research (Lic. N\u00ba 13\/2022\/DRAAC; CCIR: 07\/2022\/DRCTD; SAI-SRAAC\/2022\/1841).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"111"}}