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However, a method to efficiently detect hybrids in routine wolf monitoring is lacking. Microsatellites offer only limited resolution due to the low number of markers showing distinctive allele frequencies between wolves and dogs. Moreover, calibration across laboratories is time-consuming and costly. In this study, we selected a panel of 96 ancestry informative markers for wolves and dogs, derived from the Illumina CanineHD Whole-Genome BeadChip (174\u2009K). We designed very short amplicons for genotyping on a microfluidic array, thus making the method suitable also for non-invasively collected samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genotypes based on 93 SNPs from wolves sampled throughout Europe, purebred and non-pedigree dogs, and suspected hybrids showed that the new panel accurately identifies parental individuals, first-generation hybrids and first-generation backcrosses to wolves, while second- and third-generation backcrosses to wolves were identified as advanced hybrids in almost all cases. Our results support the hybrid identity of suspect individuals and the non-hybrid status of individuals regarded as wolves. We also show the adequacy of these markers to assess hybridization at a European-wide scale and the importance of including samples from reference populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We showed that the proposed SNP panel is an efficient tool for detecting hybrids up to the third-generation backcrosses to wolves across Europe. Notably, the proposed genotyping method is suitable for a variety of samples, including non-invasive and museum samples, making this panel useful for wolf-dog hybrid assessments and wolf monitoring at both continental and different temporal scales.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-07761-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T08:02:29Z","timestamp":1624608149000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Reliable wolf-dog hybrid detection in Europe using a reduced SNP panel developed for non-invasively collected samples"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5402-7127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenni","family":"Harmoinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alina","family":"von Thaden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jouni","family":"Aspi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Kvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Berardino","family":"Cocchiararo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Jarausch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gazzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Teodora","family":"Sin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hannes","family":"Lohi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marjo K.","family":"Hyt\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ilpo","family":"Kojola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Astrid Vik","family":"Stronen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Romolo","family":"Caniglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Mattucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Galaverni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Godinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aritz","family":"Ruiz-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ettore","family":"Randi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Violeta","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6216","key":"7761_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257553","volume":"346","author":"G Chapron","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chapron G, Kaczensky P, Linnell JDC, Von Arx M, Huber D, Andr\u00e9n H, et al. 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German samples were obtained from the responsible authorities of the Federal States in the frame of the legal national wolf monitoring. Finnish samples were obtained from the Natural Resources Institute Finland, one of the prescribed tasks of which is to act as a sample bank. Romanian samples were collected in the frame of an EU-funded LIFE project (LIFE13NAT\/RO\/000205). No permissions were needed for this study specifically.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"473"}}